Core Human Motives

Question 1

What Are Core Motives

Answer 1

They guide our behaviours and are universal.

Question 2

Define Physiological Needs?

Answer 2

Basic biological requirements.

Motives are tied to needs (internal sources of pressure).

Question 3

What Are Psychological Needs

Answer 3

They act as ‘fertiliser’ so promote optimal performance, happiness and health.

Question 4

A Core Motive Should:

Answer 4

Elicit goal-oriented behaviours that satisfy a motive.

Be adaptive and beneficial (should bring positive outcomes).

Be universal.

Question 5

Define Self Determination Theory

Answer 5

People who achieve their goals for the right reasons will achieve better outcomes.

Question 6

What Are the Three Basic Psychological Needs?

Answer 6

Autonomy: Need to be at the origin of one’s experiences and actions.

Competence: Need to feel effectance and mastery.

Relatedness: Being meaningfully connected with others.

Question 7

What Are Two Assumptions?

Answer 7

People are inherently active.

People need supportive rather than hostile environments.

Need satisfaction leads to growth and adaptive functioning

Need frustration leads to defense and maladaptive functioning.

Question 8

Define Mediators

Answer 8

Variables or processes that occur between two other variables of interest.

Question 9

Define Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 9

Performing a behaviour because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable.

The most autonomous form of motivation.

Question 10

Define Amotivation

Answer 10

The complete absence of intention and motivation to behave.

Question 11

Define Extrinsic Behaviour

Answer 11

Performing a behaviour for some external reason.

Question 12

Define Internalization

Answer 12

The process whereby individuals transform external social rules and requests into internal, personally endorsed values.

Question 13

Define Integration

Answer 13

Refers to the further transformation of these internalized values, behaviours and regulations into the person’s sense of self.

Question 14

Define Controlled Motivation

Answer 14

Behaviours that are performed out of external or internal pressure and are experienced as constraining.

Question 15

Define Autonomous Regulation

Answer 15

Involves behaving out of personal choice, and offers the platform for people to express their authentic selves and values.

Question 16

What Are the Four Controlled Subtypes?

Answer 16

1. Internal regulation
2. Introjected regulation
3. Identified regulation
4. Integrated regulation

Question 17

Define Internal Regulation

Answer 17

Behaviours are fully contingent upon external controls.

Behaviours are motivated entirely by the prospect of attaining positive outcomes or avoiding negative ones.

Effective in the short term

Question 18

Define Introjected Regulation

Answer 18

Relies on external standards that have been partially, yet, incompletely internalised.

The person feels and internal pressure to act, yet the reasons for performing the behaviour are not accepted as one’s one.

Individuals feel the need to engage in an action to avoid negative emotions.

Question 19

Define Identified Regulation

Answer 19

Individual consciously accepts and value the important of engaging in the behaviour.

Individual sincerely feels that the action is personally worthwhile, and that the outcomes of the behaviour are significant.

Actions are performed because they are genuinely values.

Question 20

Define Integrated Regulation

Answer 20

Most self-determined form of extrinsic motivation.

Values are in harmony with self-identities and aligned with important self-views.

Behaviour is recognised as being an authentic part of the individua, and is experiences as an expression of their self-concept.

Although behaviours are completely autonomous, they are emaciated in the pursuit of personal goals, rather than for the pleasure experienced during those behaviours.

Question 21

How Can We Promote More Autonomous Types of Extrinsic Motivation?

Answer 21

By providing a rationale and building interest.

Question 22

What Are the Unintended Effects of Extrinsic Rewards

Answer 22

Undermines the intrinsic motivation.

Interferes with the quality and process of learning.

Interferes with the capacity for autonomous self-regulation.

Question 23

What Is the Difference Between Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures?

Answer 23

Individualistic (independent): Conceives the self as containing a set of psychological qualities that are distinct form, or independent of, those of other people.

Collectivistic (interdependent): Highlights the individual’s roles within the family and social relationships and emphasizes responsibilities that accompany these roles, rather than the individual’s self-centered pursuit of happiness.