Competence

Question 1

Define Competence

Answer 1

Core motive that refers to people’s basic desires for effectiveness, ability, or success.

It elicits behaviours and results in positive outcomes.

Question 2

Define Learning and Performance Goals

Answer 2

Learning goal: Improve competencies

Performance goal: Prove competencies to others.

Question 3

Define Approach V/S Avoidance

Answer 3

Performance-Approach

Learning-Approach

Performance-Avoidance

Learning-Avoidance

Question 4

What Is Dweck’s Theory of Implicit Beliefs?

Answer 4

Entity theories believe traits and abilities are fixed, while incremental theorists believe traits and abilities are malleable.

Praise influences entity and incremental beliefs.

Fixed mindsets can become incremental.

Question 5

What Is the Measure of Implicit Beliefs?

Answer 5

Children praised for ability were high in entity beliefs; those praised for effort were high in incremental beliefs.

Question 6

Define Self-Efficacy

Answer 6

Perception or belief about your ability to accomplish a particular task.

Level of competence is determined by both our abilities and our perceived capabilities.

Information sources involved: mastery, vicarious, social, psychological experiences.

Question 7

How Do Attributions Impact Self-Efficacy?

Answer 7

For successes:

Internal attribution increase feelings of pride and accomplishments; stable attributions increase hope that good performance will occur in the future.

For failures:

Internal attributions increase feeling of guilt; stable attributions decrease hope.

Question 8

Define Flow

Answer 8

A subjective state in which people feel completely absorbed or focused on an activity.

Question 9

What Factors Determine Flow?

Answer 9

High perceived skill and high task demand; Flow

High perceived skill and low task demand; Boredom

Low perceived skill and low task demand; Apathy

Low perceived skill and high task demand; Anxiety

Question 10

Define Self-Concept

Answer 10

A person’s on knowledge about themselves; a set of perceptions a person has about themselves.

Serves as a major source of motivation.

Question 11

Define Goal Fusion

Answer 11

The extent a goal is perceived to be integrated into a person’s self-concept.

Question 12

Define Self-Esteem

Answer 12

How favourably or unfavourably people evaluate themselves.

Question 13

Where Does Self-Knowledge Come From?

Answer 13

Self-evaluation and social comparison.

Question 14

Define Self-Assessment

Answer 14

The motivation to obtain an accurate evaluation of one’s abilities and competencies whether positive of negative.

Question 15

Define Self-Verification

Answer 15

The motivation to maintain consistency and new information.

Question 16

Define Self-Enhancement

Answer 16

The motivation to enhance the positive aspects and decrease the negative aspects of our self-concept.

Question 17

What Is the Self-Affirmation Theory?

Answer 17

If one part of our self-concept is threated, we can restore our sense of self by affirming other value aspects of the self-conception.

Question 18

What Are Self-Defensive Strategies?

Answer 18

They allow us to externalise information when it threatens our sense of competency.

Self-serving attributional bias: Taking credit for successes and blaming situations for failures.

Self-handicapping: Placing obstacles in a way of personal successes to protect from failures.

Excuse-making: An attempt to shift attributions for a negative outcome from internal causes to external causes.