Core Concepts (Ch. 1)

Question 1

The science of investigating the structures of the body.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

The study of the functions of living things.

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

Anatomy you can see with the naked eye, no microscope needed.

Answer 3

Gross anatomy

Question 4

Anatomy of structures that can only be seen with a microscope.

Answer 4

Microscopic anatomy

Question 5

Microscopic anatomy of the cell; literally translates to “study of the cell”

Answer 5

Cytology

Question 6

The microscopic anatomy of tissues; literally translates to “the study of tissues”

Answer 6

Histology

Question 7

Name the seven organizational levels of the living beings, in order from simplest to most complex.

Answer 7

1. Molecular (Chemical)
2. Organelle
3. Cellular
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ System
7. Organism

Question 8

Name the organizational level:

• The chemical makeup of an organism
• Like the foundation of a building, determines the structural and functional characteristics of an organism
• Includes the four basic types of molecules that make up living things: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 8

Molecular level (or chemical level)

Question 9

Name the organizational level:

• Structures that complete functions inside of cells; act like tiny organs inside of cells
• Literally means, “small organ”

Answer 9

Organelle level

Question 10

Name the organizational level:

• Groups of similar cells that have a common function
• Has four major categories: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Answer 10

Tissue level

Question 11

Name the organizational level:

• Cells are the structural and functional units of any living thing
• The health of an organism depends on the health of its cells
• The direct link between structure and function begins to show itself at this level

Answer 11

Cellular level

Question 12

Name the organizational level:

• At this level, complex physiological processes occur
• May include all four tissue types working together
• Some examples: heart, kidney, stomach, etc.

Answer 12

Organ level

Question 13

Name the organizational level:

• Organs that cooperate and work closely to accomplish a common purpose
• Examples include: circulatory system, digestive system, etc.

Answer 13

Organ system level

Question 14

Name the organizational level:

• The sum total of all levels working continuously and in unison to promote life
• For example: a human being

Answer 14

Organism level

Question 15

Name the four categories of tissue found in the human body.

Answer 15

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

Question 16

This category of tissue is associated with skin, but also found lining the mouth and digestive tract, and as a wrapping around most organs.

Answer 16

Epithelial tissue

Question 17

What category of tissue functions to hold stuff together in your body, and includes:

• Bone
• Blood

Answer 17

Connective tissue

Question 18

Which category of tissue causes movement by contracting?

Answer 18

Muscular tissue

Question 19

What category of tissue has the job of relaying information (sending signals)?

Answer 19

Nervous tissue

Question 20

What are the three types of muscular tissue, what do they do?

Answer 20

1. Skeletal muscle: contracts to move bones.
2. Cardiac muscle: contracts to beat the heart.
3. Smooth muscle: lines hollow organs that need to contract unconsciously, such as the lower part of the throat or the uterus.

Question 21

Name six characteristics of life.

Answer 21

1. Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Growth and Development
5. Reproduction
6. Homeostasis

Question 22

The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place within a cell or body.

Answer 22

Metabolism

Question 23

Chemical reactions needed to grow, repair, and maintain the body.

Answer 23

Anabolism/Anabolic reactions

Question 24

Chemical reactions needed to break down larger molecules into smaller ones (e.g. digestion).

Answer 24

Catabolism/Catabolic reactions

Question 25

The ability to make new cells and tissue (out of building blocks from catabolic reactions).

Answer 25

Growth

Question 26

Changes an organism goes through over time.

Answer 26

Development

Question 27

The process by which cells become different from each other; occurs during fetal development.

Answer 27

Differentiation

Question 28

When cells with different functions **begin to form tissues and organs**; literally translates to "beginning of structure."

Answer 28

Morphogenesis

Question 29

This type of reproduction is necessary for growth, development, and repair of the human body; an individual human being cannot survive unless this is type of reproduction happens.

Answer 29

Cellular reproduction

Question 30

This type of reproduction is not required for an individual human to survive, but is necessary for the survival of the species.

Answer 30

Organism reproduction

Question 31

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment, independant of a changing external (or internal) environment.

Answer 31

Homeostasis

Question 32

A system of homeostasis that resists any change from the normal value range; a system whose job it is to negate or reverse any changes (e.g. shivering to raise body temperature, or sweating to lower it).

Answer 32

Negative feedback system

Question 33

A system that is not homestatic, or hurts homeostasis in the body, because when there is a deviation from the norm, this type of system responds by increasing the deviation; Leads the body away from homeostasis, possibly to death.

Answer 33

Positive feedback system