Core Concepts (Ch. 1) Flashcards
Core concepts of anatomy and physiology (Chapter 1)
The science of investigating the structures of the body.
Anatomy
The study of the functions of living things.
Physiology
Anatomy you can see with the naked eye, no microscope needed.
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of structures that can only be seen with a microscope.
Microscopic anatomy
Microscopic anatomy of the cell; literally translates to “study of the cell”
Cytology
The microscopic anatomy of tissues; literally translates to “the study of tissues”
Histology
Name the seven organizational levels of the living beings, in order from simplest to most complex.
- Molecular (Chemical)
- Organelle
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
Name the organizational level:
- The chemical makeup of an organism
- Like the foundation of a building, determines the structural and functional characteristics of an organism
- Includes the four basic types of molecules that make up living things: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Molecular level (or chemical level)
Name the organizational level:
- Structures that complete functions inside of cells; act like tiny organs inside of cells
- Literally means, “small organ”
Organelle level
Name the organizational level:
- Groups of similar cells that have a common function
- Has four major categories: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Tissue level
Name the organizational level:
- Cells are the structural and functional units of any living thing
- The health of an organism depends on the health of its cells
- The direct link between structure and function begins to show itself at this level
Cellular level
Name the organizational level:
- At this level, complex physiological processes occur
- May include all four tissue types working together
- Some examples: heart, kidney, stomach, etc.
Organ level
Name the organizational level:
- Organs that cooperate and work closely to accomplish a common purpose
- Examples include: circulatory system, digestive system, etc.
Organ system level
Name the organizational level:
- The sum total of all levels working continuously and in unison to promote life
- For example: a human being
Organism level
Name the four categories of tissue found in the human body.
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
This category of tissue is associated with skin, but also found lining the mouth and digestive tract, and as a wrapping around most organs.
Epithelial tissue
What category of tissue functions to hold stuff together in your body, and includes:
- Bone
- Blood
Connective tissue
Which category of tissue causes movement by contracting?
Muscular tissue
What category of tissue has the job of relaying information (sending signals)?
Nervous tissue
What are the three types of muscular tissue, what do they do?
- Skeletal muscle: contracts to move bones.
- Cardiac muscle: contracts to beat the heart.
- Smooth muscle: lines hollow organs that need to contract unconsciously, such as the lower part of the throat or the uterus.
Name six characteristics of life.
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth and Development
- Reproduction
- Homeostasis
The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place within a cell or body.
Metabolism
Chemical reactions needed to grow, repair, and maintain the body.
Anabolism/Anabolic reactions
Chemical reactions needed to break down larger molecules into smaller ones (e.g. digestion).
Catabolism/Catabolic reactions
The ability to make new cells and tissue (out of building blocks from catabolic reactions).
Growth
Changes an organism goes through over time.
Development
The process by which cells become different from each other; occurs during fetal development.
Differentiation
When cells with different functions begin to form tissues and organs; literally translates to “beginning of structure.”
Morphogenesis
This type of reproduction is necessary for growth, development, and repair of the human body; an individual human being cannot survive unless this is type of reproduction happens.
Cellular reproduction
This type of reproduction is not required for an individual human to survive, but is necessary for the survival of the species.
Organism reproduction
Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment, independant of a changing external (or internal) environment.
Homeostasis
A system of homeostasis that resists any change from the normal value range; a system whose job it is to negate or reverse any changes (e.g. shivering to raise body temperature, or sweating to lower it).
Negative feedback system
A system that is not homestatic, or hurts homeostasis in the body, because when there is a deviation from the norm, this type of system responds by increasing the deviation; Leads the body away from homeostasis, possibly to death.
Positive feedback system
