Chemistry of Life (Ch. 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Anything that has mass and occupies space
A
Matter
2
Q
- The amount of material (“stuff”) occupying a space
- The same no matter where you are (even on the moon!)
A
Mass
3
Q
The amount of space something takes up
A
Volume
4
Q
- The gravitational force pulling on something
- Different depending on where you are (e.g. the moon versus earth)
A
Weight
5
Q
- Substance that can’t be broken down into anything simpler (by ordinary chemical means)
- A “pure” substance
- A way of classifying matter
A
Element
6
Q
96% of the human body is made up of these four elements (in different combinations)
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
7
Q
- Smallest piece of an element that has the chemical properties of that element
A
Atom
8
Q
The three types of subatomic particles that make up atoms
A
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
9
Q
- Subatomic particles with a positive charge
- Found in the nucleus of an atom
A
Protons
10
Q
- Subatomic particles with no charge (neutral)
- Found in the nucleus of an atom
A
Neutrons
11
Q
- Subatomic particles with a negative charge
- Orbit outside of the nucleus of an atom
A
Electrons
12
Q
- The name for the center of an atom
- Where the protons and neutrons hang out
A
Nucleus
13
Q
- Name for the paths electrons take around the outside of an atom’s nucleus
A
Orbits or shells
14
Q
The word for the big letter (or two letters) that represents an element on the periodic table or elements
A
Atomic Symbol
(or Chemical Symbol)
15
Q
- Unique to each element
- Equal to the number of protons in every atom of that element
- Also equal to the number of electrons every atom of that element starts out with
- The lesser of the two numbers in a box on the periodic table of elements
A
Atomic Number
16
Q
- Equal to the (average) number of protons and neutrons added together (for each atom of a specific element)
- The greater of the numbers found in a box on the periodic table of elements
A
Mass Number (or Atomic Mass Number)
17
Q
Name the rule:
- Maximum of eight electrons per orbit (shell)
- An atom “wants” eight electrons on an orbit to be “happy”
- This rule does not apply to the FIRST (closest to the nucleus) orbit
- (The first orbit for every atom has a maximum of two electrons)
- 2-8-8-8-… until you run out of electrons
A
The Octet Rule
18
Q
For two atoms to form a chemical bond, what has to happen?
A
(a chemical reaction in which…) their outermost electrons are either TRANSFERRED, or SHARED
19
Q
What determines what type of chemical reactions (or bonds) an atom will take part in?
A
The number of electrons leftover on an atom’s outermost shell
20
Q
Two or more atoms, chemically combined
A
Molecule
21
Q
A molecule made up of atoms of two or more different elements
A
Compound
22
Q
What do the tiny numbers below each letter in a chemical formula stand for?
- For example: C6H12O6
- Called “subscript”
A
They stand for how many atoms of each element are in that molecule.
- For example, in C6H12O6:
- 6 atoms of Carbon (C)
- 12 atoms of Hydrogen (H)
- 6 atoms of Oxygen (O)
- = one molecule of the compound glucose
23
Q
Name the bond:
- Formed by the transfer (giving or recieving) of electrons among atoms
- Results in two oppositely charged ions sticking together, like magnets
- Dissociates easily in water
A
Ionic bond
24
Q
An atom with a charge (either positive or negative)
A
Ion
25
A positively charged ion
Cation
26
A negatively charged ion
Anion
27
Name the **bond**:
* A bond formed by two or more atoms _sharing_ electrons (to complete each others' outer shells)
* Represented on paper with dashes:
* Each dash represents an electron being shared between atoms, for example:
* H-H
* O=C=O
**Covalent** bond
28
What are the two types of **covalent bonds**?
* Polar covalent bond
* Nonpolar covalent bond
29
Name the **bond**:
* A specific type of **covalent bond**, where electrons are **shared equally** between atoms
* Since the shared electron(s) spend an equal amount of time with each atom, both atoms remain neutral (_not_ charged)
****_Non_**polar covalent bond**
30
Name the **bond**:
* A specific type of **covalent bond**, where the electron(s) are ****_un_**equally shared**
* Electrons are more strongly drawn to one atom than the other, so they spend more time hanging out on one the side of the molecule
* The side that the electrons like to hang out at becomes slightly negatively charged (because electrons are negative)
* Molecules made up of these types of bonds dissolve easily in water
**_Polar_ covalent bond**
31
_Chemical Reactions_
## Footnote
If an atom has **1-3** electrons leftover on its **outermost** shell, it will "want" to:
**A) Give** away those electrons (*Ionic* bond)
**B) Share** electrons (*Covalent* bond)
**C) Recieve** electrons from another atom (*Ionic* bond)
**D)** Do nothing, its happy the way it is
**A)** Electron **giver**\*
\*Except in the case of hydrogen. Hydrogen only has one electron total, and is a "sharer."
32
_Chemical Reactions_
## Footnote
If an atom has **4** electrons leftover on its **outermost** shell, it will "want" to:
**A) Give** away those electrons (*Ionic* bond)
**B) Share** electrons (*Covalent* bond)
**C) Recieve** electrons from another atom (*Ionic* bond)
**D)** Do nothing, its happy the way it is
**B)** Electron **sharer**
33
_Chemical Reactions_
## Footnote
If an atom has **5-7** electrons leftover on its **outermost** shell, it will "want" to:
**A) Give** away those electrons (*Ionic* bond)
**B) Share** electrons (*Covalent* bond)
**C) Recieve** electrons from another atom (*Ionic* bond)
**D)** Do nothing, its happy the way it is
**C)** Electron **receiver**
34
Name the **bond**:
* Very weak
* Formed between _polar molecules_, like molecules of water
* The reason water is so special!
Hydrogen bonds
35
* Refers to combining smaller pieces to make something bigger
* Literally means, "join together"
Synthesis
36
* Refers to breaking down something into smaller pieces
Decomposition
37
* A *type* of chemical reaction where molecules break apart, and trade (or "swap") pieces of themselves with other molecules.
Exchange reaction
38
* A specific type of synthesis that occurs in the body
* A water molecule is _chemically removed_ to make room for two molecules to fit together
* An anabolic reaction
* Used for building larger molecules from smaller ones; used for repairing, healing, and growth
Dehydration synthesis
39
* A specific type of decomposition reaction that occurs in the human body
* A molecule of water is _chemically added_ to break apart a large molecule into two smaller ones
* A catabolic reaction
* Used for digestion
Hydrolysis
40
The 3 factors that effect the rate (speed) of chemical reactions.
1. Concentration
2. Temperature
3. Catalyst
41
* The more _crowded_ reactants are, the more likely they are to "bump into" each other
Concentration
42
* When reactants are heated up, they move around more quickly
* This makes reactants more likely to "bump into" each other
Temperature
43
* A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
* Does _not_ get altered or used up in the chemical reaction
* For example, an enzyme
Catalyst
44
* Molecules that contain a carbon "backbone," or "skeleton" (a chain of carbons covalently bonded to each other)
Organic compounds (organic molecules)
45
* Molecules that do _not_ contain a carbon "backbone" (or "skeleton")
Inorganic compounds (inorganic molecules)
46
* An important **inorganic** compound; required for chemical reactions in the body
* Helps the body to resist changes in temperature
* Protects the body; lubricates and cushions
* Due to its polarity, many chemicals dissolve readily in it to create mixtures
Water (H2O)
47
* A mixture made up of a liquid with substance fully dissolved in it
* E.g. saltwater
Solution
48
* A mixture of a liquid and a _non_-dissolved substance, which *settles* out of it if not constantly shaken.
* E.g. oil and vinegar salad dressing
Suspension
49
* A mixture of a liquid and a _non_-dissolved substance that does _not_ settle out
* E.g. homogenized milk
Colloid
50
* A scale that ranks the strength of an acid or base
* Stands for "power of hydrogen"
pH scale
51
* Any substance that **releases** H+ (hydrogen ions) in water
* Referred to as a proton _donor_
* Ranks between *below* 7 on the pH scale
Acid
52
* Any substance that _binds_ to H+ (hydrogen ions)
* Referred to as a proton _acceptor_
* Ranks between *above* 7 on the pH scale
Base
53
* Substance with a rank of **exactly** 7 on the pH scale
* E.g. "pure" water
Neutral
54
* Inorganic
* Made up of a **cation** other than H+ and an **anion** other than OH-
* Created when an acid and a base dissociate in the same water, and participate in an exchange reaction with each other ("partner swap")
Salt
55
* An inorganic compound
* You breathe this into your lungs from the air, then it passes into your bloodstream
* Your cells need this to help turn the food you eat into energy they can use
Oxygen (O2)
56
* An inorganic compound
* A waste product your cells make when they finish breaking down glucose (food) for energy
* You exhale to get rid of it
Carbond dioxide (CO2)
57
The 4 categories of organic macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
58
* An category of organic macromolecules
* Always composed of C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1
* Polar molecules; dissolve in water
Carbohydrates
59
* A sub-category of carbohydrate
* Called "simple sugars"
* Chain together to form larger carbohydrates
* E.g. glucose (C6H12O6)
Monosaccharide
60
* A sub-category of carbohydrate
* Made up of **two** simple sugars (monosaccharides) chemically joined by dehydration synthesis
* E.g. sucrose (table sugar)
Disaccharide
61
* A sub-category of carbohydrate
* Made up of a chain of **many** simple sugars (monosaccharides) chemically joined together
* E.g. glycogen, starch, and cellulose
Polysaccharide
62
* A **polysaccharide** created in the bodies of _animals_
* Stores energy
* Found in the liver and skeletal muscles
Glycogen
63
* A **polysaccharide** created by _plants_
* Energy storage for plants
Starch
64
* A **polysaccharide** created by _plants_
* Plants don't have skeletons, but this allows plants to grow tall
* Found in the cell walls of plant cells; lets them stack like "little bricks"
* Humans can't digest this, but it is important "roughage" ("fiber") in our diet
Cellulose
65
* A category of organic macromolecule
* Composed of C, H, and O (but has much LESS oxygen)
* Nonpolar molecules; insoluble in water (do not dissolve)
Lipids
66
* A sub-category of lipids
* Energy storage
* Protects organs by "cushioning" them
* Usually occur as ****_tri_**glycerides** (**1 glycerol** + **3 fatty acids**)
Fats
67
* The building block of proteins
* Composed of a central carbon + an amino group + a carboxlic acid group + a lone hydrogen + a variable "R" group
* 20 different variations
Amino Acids
68
* A chain of covalently bonded amino acids
* Composed of C H O N and sometimes S
Proteins
69
Name for the covalent bonds between amino acids
Peptide bonds
70
Changing the shape of a protein by breaking hydrogen bonds
Denature
71
Sequence of amino acids
**Primary Structure** of a protein
72
Two or more proteins functioning together as a unit
**Quaternary structure** of proteins
73
* A protein
* A catalyst
* Lowers how much energy is required to kick-start a chemical reaction in the body
* Names end in "**-ase**"
Enzyme
74
Substance that an enzyme acts upon
Substrate
75
* Composed of C H O N and P
* Made up of nucleotides
* Must be made in the body (can't be used from eaten food)
Nucleic Acids
76
* Building blocks of nucleic acids
* Made up of a monosaccharide + phosphate group + nitrogenous base
Nucleotides
77
* Genetic material
* Two strands of nucleotides twisted to form a double helix
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
78
* A nitrogenous base
* Pairs with **thymine** in DNA
* Pairs with **uracil** in RNA
Adenine
79
* A nitrogenous base
* Pairs with **cytosine** in both DNA and RNA
Guanine
80
DNA and globular proteins spun together in a loose thread-like form
Chromatin
81
Bunched up chromatin ready for cell division
Chromosomes
82
* DNA double helix "unzips" from the bottom and free floating nucleotides fill in the gaps
* Forms two new DNA molecules but each contain one half (strand) of the original
Semiconservative replication
83
* A nucleic acid
* Carries out instructions from the DNA
* Synthesizes proteins
* Composed of a single strand
* Has _uracil_ instead of thymine
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
84
* Composed of adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
* Stores energy *from* catabolism to provide energy *for* anabolism
* Called "energy currency"
* The last covalent bond contains \*extra\* energy
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
85
Leftover after removing a phosphate group from ATP
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
86
* A glycerol + 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group
* Has a hydrophillic "head" and 2 hydrophobic "tails"
Phospholipid
87
Water "loving"
Hydrophilic
88
"Afraid" of water
Hydrophobic
89
* Derived from fatty acids in response to injury
* Regulate some hormones and blood clotting
* Enhance pain
Prostaglandins
90
* Lipids whose carbon skeletons are arranged in "C"-shaped rings
* Includes cholesterol and hormones
Steroids
