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Prelim PDHPE > CORE 2 > Flashcards

CORE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

Made up of bones, joints and cartilage

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Blood Cell protection
  4. Movement
  5. Mineral storage
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3
Q

What are the different types of bones? Give examples.

A

Flat-Thin parallel surfaces (sternum)
Long- Relatively long and slender (femur)
Irregular- Complex shapes (vertebrae)
Short-Boxlike (carpal bones, ankles)

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4
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact (hard) (shaft), Cancellous (spongy, lightweight)

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5
Q

What are the two types of skeleton?

A

Axial- 80 bones, trunk of the body, no limbs

Appendicular- 126 bones, upper and lower extremities

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6
Q

What is a lateral and anterior view?

A

Lateral- side

Anterior-front n back

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7
Q

What is superior and inferior?

A

Superior=above- towards the head (the chest is superior to the hips)
Inferior= below- towards the feet (the foot is inferior to the leg)

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8
Q

What is anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior- towards the front (the breast is anterior to the chest wall)
Posterior- towards the back (the backbone is posterior to the heart)

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9
Q

What is medial and lateral?

A

Medial- towards the midline of the body

Lateral- away from the midline

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10
Q

What is proximal and distal?

A

Proximal- close to the point of attachment (shoulder is proximal to elbow)
Distal- distant from point of attachment (elbow is distal to the shoulder)

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11
Q

What is supine and prone?

A

Supine- lying face up

Prone- lying face down

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12
Q

What are the three planes of the body?

A

Transverse- divides the body into top and bottom, movements in this plane are rotational
Frontal- divides the body into front and back, movements in this plane are sideways
Saggital- divides the body into left and right, movements in this plane are up and down

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13
Q

What are the three kinds of joints?

A

Fibrous joints- immovable and has no joint cavity (sutres between skull bones)
Cartilaginous joints- partially moveable with no joint cavity (intevertebral discs and pubic symphysis)
Synovial joints- freely moveable with a joint cavity (shoulder and hip joint)

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14
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

They connect bones to bones

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15
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect muscles to bones

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16
Q

What does the articular cartilage do?

A

Provides a smooth, lubricated surface for articulary bones (bones that touch)

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17
Q

What are pivot joints? Give an example.

A

The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with the depression or opening of another. (Top of the neck, atlas and axis bones)

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18
Q

What are hinge joints? Give an example.

A

The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another, and movement occurs in one plane, allowing for flexion and extension. (Elbow and knee joints)

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19
Q

What are saddle joints? Give an example.

A

The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the other bone sits on it like a rider (thumb joint)

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20
Q

What are plane or sliding joints? Give an example.

A

Allows for gliding movement, side to side or back and forth movement is permitted, usually across flat surfaces (carpals and metacarpals)

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21
Q

What are condyloid or ellipsoid joints? Give an example.

A

An oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical depression of another and movement can occur in two planes. (wrist)

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22
Q

What are ball and socket joints? Give an example.

A

A rounded ball like surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another (shoulder and hip joints)

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23
Q

What is flexion and extension. Act out an example.

A

Flexion- decrease in the angle of a joint

Extension-Increase in the angle of the joint

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24
Q

What is abduction and adduction? Act out an example.

A

Abduction- movement of a body part away from the midline

Adduction- movement of a body part towards the midline

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25
Q

What is circumduction? Act out an example.

A

Movement of the end of the bone in a circular motion

26
Q

What is elevation and depression? Act out an example.

A

Elevation- movement of shoulders towards the head

Depression- movement of shoulders away from the head

27
Q

What is dorsi and plantar flexion? Act out an example.

A

Dorsi- decrease in the angle of the joint between the foot and the lower leg
Plantar- increase in the angle of the join between the foot and the lower leg

28
Q

What is inversion and eversion? Act out an example.

A

Inversion- movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline
Eversion- movement of the sole away from the midline

29
Q

What is supination and pronation? Act out an example.

A

Supination- Rotation of the hand so that the thumb moves away from the body.
Pronation- movement of the hand so that the thumb moves towards the body

30
Q

What is the role of muscles?

A

To contract and pull on muscles, making humans move.

31
Q

What is cardiac tissue?

A

It is involuntary, stirated in appearance and occurs in the walls of the heart.

32
Q

What is skeletal tissue?

A

Voluntary, stirated in appearance, attached to the skeleton to provide movement.

33
Q

What is smooth tissue?

A

Involuntary, non-stirated and occurs in the alls of internal organs and blood vessels.

34
Q

What are the five major properties of muscles?

A
  1. Exciteable or irritable- receiving and responding. to stimulation.
  2. Contractible-capable of contracting and shortening
  3. Extendable- stretched without damage
  4. Elasticity- returning to original resting place
  5. Adaptability- changing in response to movement
35
Q

What are origin and insertion points?

A

Origin is a fixed attachment, it is the stable and stationary bone. The insertion is the moveable bone.

36
Q

What is the agonist muscle?

A
  • The prime mover, producing the movement
  • For example, in the upwards phase of a bicep curl the biceps brachii contracts and as a result the elbow flexes.
  • The biceps brachii is the prim mover.
37
Q

What is the antagonist muscle?

A

The muscle that releases and lengthens to help allow the agonist to contract, helping to control the reaction.
-In order for the bicep to contract, the tricep must lengthen. The tricep is the antagonist.

38
Q

What is a stabiliser?

A

Acts at a joint to stabilise it, giving the muscles a fixed base. Causes minimal movement and shortens very little. When throwing, the shoulder muscles serve to propel the object, whilst some work at stabilisers at the elbow joint.

39
Q

What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscular contractions?

A

Isometric- when the muscle contracts but stays in a fixed position, no change in joint angle.
Isotonic- the muscle length changes through a range of motion or action.

40
Q

What’s the difference between eccentric and concentric reactions?

A

Eccentric- the muscle lengthens during the contraction whilst force is developed
Concentric- the muscle shortens during the contraction

41
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Delivers oxygen to the cardiovascular system for distribution to the body whilst removing carbon dioxide.

42
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration- breathing in (diaphragm contracts) and lungs expand)
Expiration- breathing in (diaphragm relaxes)

43
Q

What is the function of the pharynx and larynx?

A

Common passage for air to the trachea (voice box)

44
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Divides into left and right bronchus

45
Q

What is the ventilation rate?

A

How many breaths are taken each minute

46
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

How much air is inhaled and exhaled in one breath

47
Q

What is Vo2 max?

A

The maximal oxygen uptake that can be used by the body in one minute during exercise

48
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The process of getting oxygen to our body cells and carbon dioxide out of the body’s cells.

49
Q

What are the two kinds of circulation?

A

Systemic- Pumps oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart out to all body tissues, then back to the right side of the heart.
Pulmonary- Circulated deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs then back to the heart

50
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The amount of pressure in your arteries during the contraction of your heart

51
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure when the heart is between beats

52
Q

What are arteries?

A

Thick elastic walls, carry blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body

53
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Lie between the arterioles and the venuoles, very small networks of vessels where nutrients and gases are exchanged between blood and cells

54
Q

What are veins?

A

Thinner less elastic walls with valves carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

55
Q

What is the breakdown of blood?

A

55% plasma, 1% WBC, 44%

56
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Carrying oxygen around the body, carrying co2 away

57
Q

What are White blood cells?

A

Combat inflection and inflammation

58
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid and liquid component of blood

59
Q

What are the health related components of fitness?

A

Muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, cardiovascular fitness and cardiorespiratory endurance

60
Q

What are the skill related components of fitness?

A

Balance, power, speed, cooordination, agility and reaction time

Prelim PDHPE (4 decks)

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