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PDHPE > Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia > Flashcards

Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Flashcards

1
Q

What is health status?

A

An assessment of the degree or quality of health of an individual or a specfic population

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2
Q

What is epidemiology and how is it used?

A

The study of the rates and patterns of illness, disease and injury amongst specific population groups. This information is gathered through hospital usage, health professionals and surveys. The identification of specific trends is then used to establish health priorites and to guide the decision making, resource allocation and programs of all public and private sectors involved in health care and health promotion in Australia

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3
Q

What are the limitations of epidemiology?

A

It does not provide information about a person’s quality of life in a holistic sense, nor does it accurately describe the socialcultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health. There is also lack of data on mental health issues

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4
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The rates, distribution and trends of illness, disease and injury in a given population

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5
Q

What is Mortality?

A

The number of deaths for a given cause in a given population over a set time period

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6
Q

What is Infant Mortality?

A

The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births

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7
Q

What is Life Expectancy?

A

An estimate of the number of years a person can expect to live at any particular age

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8
Q

What are the concerns of the health status of Australians

A
  • Increasing rates of mental health disorders and type 2 diabetes
  • The prevalence of poor health behaviours, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor dietary choice and low levels of physical activity, particulalry amongst those population groups who are of a low socioeconomic status
  • The existence of significant inqualities between the health status of the general population and several sub-groups : namely ASTI, those living in rural and remote areas, low SES
  • An ageing population with greater needs to invariably suffer increased rates of mobidity, and who will exert a significant finiancial burden on Australia’s health care budget
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9
Q

What are the principles of social justice?

A

Equity- fair allocation of funding and resources
Diversity- sufficient health care services and facilities for all the diverse groups of Australia
Supportive Environments- environments supporting the right to be healthy

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10
Q

What is the health status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders people?

A
  • Life Expectancy- at least 17 years less than other Australians
  • Increased Mortality for CVD, cancer, respiratory disease and diabetes
  • Infant Mortality Rates- 3 times higher than other Australians
  • Increased rate of depression and anxiety
  • Increased rates of self-reported ill health
  • Overall, there has been a decrease in mortality from all causes
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11
Q

What are the health behaviours of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People?

A
  • Smoking rates are twice that of other Australians
  • Increased use of illicit drugs and alcohol misuse
  • Increased obesity
  • Diets are generally poor (high in saturated fats and refined sugars) and higher rates of physical inactivity
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12
Q

What are the sociocultural determinants of Indigenous Australians?

A
  • Ongoing effects of colonisation, such as social dislocation, loss of culture, identity and self-worth
  • Lower standards of living (e.g clean water, public sanity, availability of fruit and vegetables and safe housing)
  • Significantly higher rates of imprisonment
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13
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants of Indigenous Australians?

A
  • More likely to be of low socioeconomic status
  • Lower levels of education attainment (half as likely to finish year 12)
  • Higher rates of unemployment (16%)
  • Lower levels of disposable income
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14
Q

What are the environmental determinants of Indigenous Australians?

A

-24% live in rural and remote areas which leads to decreased access to healthy foods and medical services

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15
Q

What is the role of Inidviduals in addressing health inqualiites experienced by ASTI?

A
  • Empower ASTI to increase decision making ability through education (e.g community programs and health related websites)
  • Incentives for health professionals to work with ASTI communities
  • Increased educational oppotunities, such as indigenous scholarships
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16
Q

What is the role of the community in addressing healthy inequalities experienced by ASTI?

A
  • Empower elders to work with communities
  • Ensuring all partcipation by all ASTI representative groups in adressing health inequalities
  • The work of non-government organisations who focus on ASTI such as the Heart Foundation and Diabetes Australia who produced the ‘Live Now and have Hope’
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17
Q

What is the role of the government in adressing healthy inqualitie experienced by ASTI?

A
  • Increasing community-based primary and maternal health care which is acessible and appropiate
  • Adressing related social determinants
  • Providing a range of preventative health care activities aimed at improving ATSI health outcomes
  • Provide funding on education and health programs
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18
Q

What is the health status of low SES people?

A
  • Lower life expetancy, with increased rates of premature death
  • Increased mobidity and presence of risk factors for CVD, diabetes, asthma and mental health problems
  • Higher rates of infant mortality
  • Increased rates of common infectious disease
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19
Q

What is the health behaviours of low SES people?

A
  • More likely to smoke and use illicit drugs
  • Poor dietary habits
  • More people of low SES are overweight or obese
  • Less likely to access preventative health measures, such as immunisations and dental check ups
  • Less likely to adress the signs and symptoms of prevenative disease
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20
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants of low SES people?

A
  • The impact of negative social and cultural forces which shape personal attitudes and behaviors which contribute to poor health-related decision making
  • Increased family dysfunction which leads to a lack of stability and social support
  • Increased social isolation
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21
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants of low SES people?

A
  • Decreased financial capacity has a direct impact on a person’s ability to achieve good health such as being unable to access specialist health services
  • Lower levels of education, particularly health education
  • Higher rates of unemployment especially in the long term
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22
Q

What are the environmental determinants of low SES people?

A
  • Crowded and poor housing decisions
  • Decreased access to recreational facilities such as sport equipment and memberships
  • Increased rates of passive smoking inside the home
23
Q

What is the health status of the elderly?

A
  • 13% of Australians are aged over 65 years
  • In general, elderly people have an increased reliance on medical services
  • Chronic conditions such as cancer, CVD and diabetes are most prevalent in people aged over 65 years
  • Higher rates of injuries, due to falls and accidents
  • Increased rates of arthritis and osteoporosis leading to decreased mobility and independence
  • Increased mental health problems, such as dementia, depression and anxiety, partly due to the increased grief and loss associated with an ageing family and peer group
24
Q

What are the health behaviors of the elderly?

A
  • Generally, they have more lifestyle restrictions, and also an inability to fully utilise medical services, both curative and preventative
  • Less physically active
  • Increased social isolation
25
Q

What are sociocultural determinants of the elderly?

A
  • Increased social isolation leading to loneliness and depression
  • As family members and peers become unwell and pass away, elderly people must manage the emotion and grief associated with this
26
Q

What are the socioeconomic determinants of the elderly?

A
  • Decreased financial capacity

- Increased financial pressures, such as the need to sell the family home and move into care

27
Q

What are the environmental determinants of the elderly?

A
  • Decreased access to medical services, due to mobility concerns, e.g. they may no longer drive or be able to use public transport
  • A home can present a serious risk of injury, e.g. trip hazards such as stairs. The home must be modified to decrease the risk of this and maintain a level of independence
28
Q

What is the role of the individual in addressing health inequalities experienced by the elderly?

A
  • The elderly have a responsibility to ensure they age as healthily as possible
  • Increased workforce is required to serve the needs of the elderly population, e.g. home care
  • Carers are required to assist with basic needs, which has a wide-ranging impact on them as well
  • Elderly people have a responsibility to ensure they are prepared financially and practically for the specific needs of ageing
  • To be advocates for an elderly person
29
Q

What is the role of the community in addressing health inequalities experienced by the elderly?

A
  • Community organisations assist in serving the elderly, which mostly rely on volunteers e.g. Meals on Wheels and Salvation Army
  • Increased private nursing homes to ease public burden e.g Anglicare Australia
  • The work of NGOs such as the Heart Foundation and Beyond Blue
30
Q

What is the role of the government in addressing health inequalities experienced by the elderly?

A
  • Increased funding and provision will be needed for hospitals, medical specialists, home-care services and nursing hostels/homes
  • Housing plans aim to serve the needs of people over the age of 55 years
31
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Buildup of fatty tissue inside the blood vessels

32
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the blood vessels

33
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Blockages in the vessels of the heart

34
Q

What is a cerebrovascular disease?

A

Blockages in the vessels of the brain

35
Q

What is a peripheral vascular disease?

A

Blockages in the vessels in the limbs, often the legs/feet

36
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of diseases leading to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal body cells. Leads to tumours which interrupt the normal functioning of the body, and which can also spread to other parts of the body

37
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease that affects the body’s ability to take glucose from the bloodstream and use it for energy. It is caused by a malfunctioning of the pancreas leading to insufficient insulin levels

38
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Type 1 diabetes usually presents early in life and patients require insulin injectors and must monitor diet and physical activity to maintain a safe blood glucose level
  • Type 2 diabetes usually presents later in life as a result of long-term poor health behaviours related to diet and exercise. Requires medication and lifestyle modifications
39
Q

What are the benefits of healthy ageing?

A

Ensures a better quality of life and increased independence for the individual and for the wider community its minimises the negative impacts of an ageing population

40
Q

What are the range and types of health facilities and services?

A
  • Public Health Services
  • Primary and Community Health Care
  • Hospitals
  • Specialised Health Services
41
Q

What is the responsibility of the Commonwealth Government for health care facilities and services?

A
  • Formation of national health policies
  • Collection of taxes to finance the health system
  • Provision of funds to state/territory governments
  • Special concern for ASTI
  • Pharmaceutical funding
42
Q

What is the responsibility of the State/Territory Government for health care facilities and services?

A
  • Hospital sevices
  • Mental health
  • Home and community care
  • Family health services
  • Dental health
  • Women’s health
  • Health promotion
  • Regulating health industry providers
43
Q

What is the responsibility of the Local Government for health care facilities and services?

A
  • Environmental control

- Antenatal clinics

44
Q

What is the responsbility of Private Organisations for health care facilities and services?

A
  • Private hospitals
  • Dentists
  • Alternative health services
  • Local needs basis (community groups)
45
Q

What are the reasons for increasing funding for preventative health strategie?

A
  • Cost effectiveness
  • Improvement to quality of life
  • Containment of increasing costs
  • Use of existing resources
  • Reinforcement of individual responsibility
  • Maintenance of social equity
  • Reduced mortality and morbidity
46
Q

What does medicare provide individuals?

A
  • free treatment as a public patient in a public hospitals

- free or subsidised treatment by medical practioners such as GPs, specalists, optometrists and dentists

47
Q

What are the reasons for choosing private health insurance?

A
  • Shorter waiting times
  • Hospital choice
  • Own doctor of choice
  • Ancillary benefits such as physiotherapy
  • Private rooms in hospitals
  • Health cover while overseas
  • Avoiding increase tax
48
Q

What schemes has the government implemented to encourage people to take out private health insurance and hence reduce the burden on the public health system?

A
  • 30% tax rebate for people with private health insurance
  • 1% Medicare levy surcharge
  • Lifetime health care incentive with lower premiums to those who join before age 30
49
Q

What are the reasons for growth of complementary and alternative health products and services?

A
  • World Health Oragnisation recognition
  • Recognition of eastern cultures
  • Growing multiculturalism in Australia
  • Australians seeking a more holistic approach to health
  • Health insurance cover
50
Q

What is the Bowen therapeutic technique?

A

System of muscle and connective tissue movements that realign the body and balances energy flow

51
Q

What is homeopathy?

A

System that recognises the symptoms that are unique to an individual

52
Q

What is iridology?

A

Analysis of the human eye to detect signs of wellbeing or otherwise

53
Q

What is naturopathy?

A

Holistic treatment aiming to treat the underlying cause as well as the symptoms of the illness

54
Q

What are the five action areas of the Ottawa charter?

A
  • Developing personal skills
  • Creating supportive environments
  • Strengthening supportive environments
  • Reorienting health services
  • Building healthy public policy

PDHPE (3 decks)

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