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tenaya subjects > Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia > Flashcards

Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of patterns and causes of health and diseases in populations or groups through the collection of data and information

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2
Q

Measures of epidemiology to determine health status

A

Mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, and life expectancy

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3
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time

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4
Q

Infant mortality

A

the number of infant deaths in the first year of life, per 100 live births

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5
Q

Morbidity

A

the incidence or level of illness, disease, or injury in a given population

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6
Q

Life expectancy

A

the length of time a person is expected to live

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7
Q

Mortality trend

A

decline: 4078 per 100,000 in 1907 vs 1,158 per 100,000 in 2016

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8
Q

Infant mortality trend

A

Decline: since 2015 3.2 per 1000

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9
Q

Morbidity trend

A

decline: 78% of the Australian population suffer from one or more long term conditions that affected their health for 6 months or more

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10
Q

Life expectancy trend

A

increasing: approx increase of 25 years among both males and females

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11
Q

Limitations of epidemiology

A
  • difficult to measure the quality of life and mental health

- Doesn’t explain variation in subgroups ef. ATSI

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12
Q

Leading causes of death

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
  3. Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  4. Lung cancer
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13
Q

Social Justice principles

A

refers the value that favors measures that aim at decreasing or eliminating inequity, promoting inclusiveness of diversity and establishing environments that are supportive of all people
eg. people of low socioeconomic background should receive the same quality of health services that someone of a high socioeconomic background receives

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14
Q

Priority population groups

A

Australia’s population has subgroups of people who have significantly different health statuses. They have become the focus of health promotion initiatives.

Groups:
ATSI
Elderly
Socioeconomic disadvantaged
rural and remote areas
overseas-born
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15
Q

Identifying priority healthy issues

A

Social justice principles, priority population groups, the prevalence of the condition, the potential for prevention and early intervention, and costs to the individual and community.

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16
Q

Prevalence of condition

A

The prevalence of the condition is used to determine the number of people affected by the health issue. The high the prevalence the greater the issue.

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17
Q

Potential for prevention and early intervention

A

A large percentage of diseases from poor lifestyle changes = easier to prevent and more likely to become a health priority

the easier to prevent disease the more likely health promotion will have an impact on the burden of disease and reduce its incidence

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18
Q

Costs to the individual and community

A 
Indirect: borne by individual or family
- emotional
- social
Direct: borne by the health care system
- Financial
- Physical
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19
Q

ATSI: the extent of health inequities

A
  • Higher mortality rates
  • Infant mortality is 3 times higher than the national average
  • life expectancy 10.6 years lower
  • CVD 1.2x more common
  • diabetes deaths 6x more common
  • 3.6% of the total burden of disease yet make up 2.5% of the population
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20
Q

ATSI: nature of health inequities

A
  • 2.5% of population

- face inequities across access to resources, education, risk-taking behaviors

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21
Q

ATSI sociocultural determinats

A
  • mainstream health services often lack cultural sensitivity

- Culture of binge drinking and smoking

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22
Q

Sociocultural determinats

A

factors that affect health that relate to family, peers, media, religion, and culture

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23
Q

Socioeconomic determinants

A

include employment, education, and income

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24
Q

Environmental determinants

A

include access to facilities and technology and geographic location

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25
Q

ATSI socioeconomic determinants

A
  • Inability to afford to make healthy lifestyle choices
    Lower gross household income
    unemployment 3 times higher
    lower levels of education
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26
Q

ATSI environmental determinants

A
  • Inaccessibility of mainstream health services

- 20% Living in a remote area

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27
Q

ATSI: roles of individuals in addressing the health inequities

A

Education and access to health facilities are the biggest factors for one’s ability to control over their health choices.

Education=knowledge + skills to gain control of own health

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28
Q

ATSI: Roles of communities in addressing the health inequities

A

Aboriginal health services are working in partnership with the local communities to improve health care to develop health services specific to ATSI.
eg. screening, preventative health care, transport

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29
Q

ATSI: roles of Governments in addressing the health inequities

A

Programs like ABSTUdY helps with the costs of studying or taking apprenticeships.

‘Close the Gap’ campaign

Improving relationship with ATSI leaders (intersectoral collaboration)

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30
Q

Rural/remote: nature of health inequities

A

Approx 1/3 of Aus lives in remote and rural areas.

Face inequities in limited access to resources, education, health facilities and employment

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31
Q

Rural/remote: the extent of health inequities

A
  • mortality rate 1.5 x larger than major cities
  • burden of disease 1.4x higher than major cities
  • Higher rates of obesity
  • restricted access to primary and specialist services
    50% vs 75% completion of yr 12 (city compare)
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32
Q

Rural/remote sociocultural determinants

A

Developed a culture of heaving drinking as well as risk-taking behaviors to a higher risk of CVD and kidney disease

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33
Q

Rural/remote socioeconomic determinants

A

Have lower socioeconomic status and lower education which leads to no ability to make healthy decisions

34
Q

Rural/remote environmental determinants

A

Access to resources –> limited clean water

Less or no access to facilities

35
Q

Rural/remote: individuals roles in addressing health inequities

A

Education is the biggest factor in an individual’s ability to have control over their health choices.

Higher education creates an appreciation of the importance of good healthy behaviors

36
Q

Rural/remote: communities roles in addressing health inequities

A

Sustain health services in rural areas.

Improve health-related transport

37
Q

Rural/remote: Governments roles in addressing health inequities

A

National Rural and remote health infrastructure program provides funding to remote/rural communities for essential infrastructure and equipment

Royal flying doctor service

Rural women GP Service- funds travel of female GPs to consult

38
Q

A growing and aging population

A

Healthy aging, increased population living with chronic diseases and disabilities, demand for health services and workforce shortages, and availability of carers and volunteers

39
Q

What is healthy aging?

A

The concept is extending the number of healthy years and not requiring medical treatment

40
Q

Benefits of healthy aging

A
  • Longer contribution to the workforce
  • Less chronic disease and disability
  • Less health care expenditure
  • Less pressure on health care services
  • Less burden on family, community, and volunteers
41
Q

Increased population living with chronic diseases and disability

A 
95% of Aus had long-term conditions.
Most common:
- back pain
-arthritis
-vision and hearing problems

Causes huge burden on health budget: govt investing money in health promotion to take preventative action

42
Q

Carer

A

any person providing informal care/assistance to a person due to age/illness/disability

43
Q

Volunteer organizations for the aging population

A
  • meals on wheels (delivers meals, social interaction, check wellbeing)
  • church groups
44
Q

Demand for Health services and workforce shortages

A

Hospital waitlists are already stretched, the demand will only increase with an aging population.

Residential aged care facilities have workforce shortages and as become a problem in remote areas

45
Q

Volunteer

A

An unpaid wilful helper with time, service, skill to an organization.

46
Q

Institutional Health Care

A

Hospitals, nursing homes

47
Q

Non-institutional Care

A

medical services (provided by Drs and specialists), health-related services (dental, physio, optical), research organizations, screening

48
Q

Public Hospitals

A

funded/operated by state govt, allocated Dr by the hospital, free of charge, waitlisting for some elective surgery

49
Q

Private Hospitals

A

funded by the private sector, choice of doctor, pay for service, elective surgery when needed

50
Q

Responsibility for health facilities and services

A

Public sector: federal, state, and local govt
Private sector
Community groups

51
Q

Federal Govt roles

A

provide funding
operate medicare and PBS
investing in health promotion

52
Q

State Govt roles

A

deliver most health services
Run hospitals
Develop/enforce legislation

53
Q

Local Govt roles

A

enforce environmental health/hygiene regulations

Community healthcare centers eg. childhood centers

54
Q

Private sector roles

A

Private hospitals
dentists
Physio
Alternate health care (chiropractic)

55
Q

Community groups roles

A

They are specific certain areas:
cancer council
Diabetes Australia
Asthma foundation

56
Q

Equity of access to health facilities

A

Medicare, PBS, Bulk billing

57
Q

Medicare

A

Is Australia’s public-funded health care system, ensuring all Australians have access to free or subsided medical care

58
Q

Pharmaceutical benefits Scheme (PBS)

A

Is a commonwealth Government program that provides subsided prescription drugs to Australia residents ensuring affordable access to a range of essential medicines

59
Q

Bulk billing

A

Is a feature of medicare that bills medicate directly for the consultation fee so that the patient pays no fee to the doctor

60
Q

comment on Equity of access in Australia

A
  • hospitals are overcrowded meaning waitlists
  • Access for services for rural/remote is poorer
  • Govt attempts to overcome the problem with ‘The Royal Flying Dr. Services and Telehealth
  • People from non-English speaking backgrounds find it difficult to navigate Aus health care system
61
Q

Ancillary benefits

A

Covers medical expenses associated with stay at the hospital

62
Q

Medical safety net

A

covers ongoing medical care expenses for those with many issues eg. blood tests, pap smears

63
Q

Disadvantages of Medicare

A

Long waiting times, additional costs, can’t choose doctor/hospital

64
Q

What is health care expenditure

A

Its the allocation of funding for the provision of health services

65
Q

Recurrent Expenditure

A

Ongoing costs eg. salaries

66
Q

Capital Expenditure

A

infrequent costs eg. building new hospitals

67
Q

Australian health care expenditure

A

180.7 billion in 2016-17

Increasing

68
Q

Public health

A

refred to as preventative health, focuses on prevention, promotion and protection.
To discarded healthy lifestyle choices they draw on health education, lifestyle advice, infection control and tax increases.

eg. No jap no Play

69
Q

Early intervention

A

diagnosing a health condition in its early stages and responding to it medically.

eg. breast screening, pap smears

70
Q

Prevention measures

A

eg. immunization

71
Q

Impact of new and emerging treatments and technologies on health care

A

Creates many benefits to health outcomes but also increases in cost and raises questions of equity accesses

72
Q

Cost and access of new and emerging treatments

A

The main reason for a rise in health costs is advancing in medical technology eg. new radiological scanning machines (effective in diagnosis but very expensive)

Limited avakibity= inequity

73
Q

Benefits of New and emerging treatments and technologies

A
  • early detection of various diseases and illness

- improves treatment and prevention (quality of life)

74
Q

Examples of emerging treatments and technologies

A

Childhood vaccine: national immunization program

Cancer screening for breast, cervical, and bowel. Aims to reduce morbidity/mortality rates

75
Q

Complementary medecine

A

Used as well as conventional medicine

76
Q

Alternative medicine

A

Used instead of conventional medicine

77
Q

Reasons for growth of complementary and alternative health care approaches

A

Increased creditability
Growing multiculturism in Australia
Health insurance cover
Australians seeking a more holistic approach to health

78
Q

Acupuncture

A

Inserting needles into the skin at points where the flow of energy are through to be blocked

79
Q

Naturopathy

A

system of alternative medicine based on the theory that diseases can be treated or prevented without the use of drugs eg. diet, massage, exercise

80
Q

Chiropractor

A

diagnosis and manipulative treatment of misalignments of the joints

81
Q

How to make informed consumer choices

A

Research, select, reassess

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