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Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of patterns and causes of health and diseases in populations or groups through the collection of data and information

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2
Q

Measures of epidemiology to determine health status

A

Mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, and life expectancy

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3
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time

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4
Q

Infant mortality

A

the number of infant deaths in the first year of life, per 100 live births

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5
Q

Morbidity

A

the incidence or level of illness, disease, or injury in a given population

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6
Q

Life expectancy

A

the length of time a person is expected to live

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7
Q

Mortality trend

A

decline: 4078 per 100,000 in 1907 vs 1,158 per 100,000 in 2016

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8
Q

Infant mortality trend

A

Decline: since 2015 3.2 per 1000

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9
Q

Morbidity trend

A

decline: 78% of the Australian population suffer from one or more long term conditions that affected their health for 6 months or more

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10
Q

Life expectancy trend

A

increasing: approx increase of 25 years among both males and females

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11
Q

Limitations of epidemiology

A
  • difficult to measure the quality of life and mental health

- Doesn’t explain variation in subgroups ef. ATSI

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12
Q

Leading causes of death

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
  3. Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  4. Lung cancer
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13
Q

Social Justice principles

A

refers the value that favors measures that aim at decreasing or eliminating inequity, promoting inclusiveness of diversity and establishing environments that are supportive of all people
eg. people of low socioeconomic background should receive the same quality of health services that someone of a high socioeconomic background receives

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14
Q

Priority population groups

A

Australia’s population has subgroups of people who have significantly different health statuses. They have become the focus of health promotion initiatives.

Groups:
ATSI
Elderly
Socioeconomic disadvantaged
rural and remote areas
overseas-born
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15
Q

Identifying priority healthy issues

A

Social justice principles, priority population groups, the prevalence of the condition, the potential for prevention and early intervention, and costs to the individual and community.

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16
Q

Prevalence of condition

A

The prevalence of the condition is used to determine the number of people affected by the health issue. The high the prevalence the greater the issue.

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17
Q

Potential for prevention and early intervention

A

A large percentage of diseases from poor lifestyle changes = easier to prevent and more likely to become a health priority

the easier to prevent disease the more likely health promotion will have an impact on the burden of disease and reduce its incidence

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18
Q

Costs to the individual and community

A 
Indirect: borne by individual or family
- emotional
- social
Direct: borne by the health care system
- Financial
- Physical
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19
Q

ATSI: the extent of health inequities

A
  • Higher mortality rates
  • Infant mortality is 3 times higher than the national average
  • life expectancy 10.6 years lower
  • CVD 1.2x more common
  • diabetes deaths 6x more common
  • 3.6% of the total burden of disease yet make up 2.5% of the population
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20
Q

ATSI: nature of health inequities

A
  • 2.5% of population

- face inequities across access to resources, education, risk-taking behaviors

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21
Q

ATSI sociocultural determinats

A
  • mainstream health services often lack cultural sensitivity

- Culture of binge drinking and smoking

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22
Q

Sociocultural determinats

A

factors that affect health that relate to family, peers, media, religion, and culture

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23
Q

Socioeconomic determinants

A

include employment, education, and income

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24
Q

Environmental determinants

A

include access to facilities and technology and geographic location

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25
ATSI socioeconomic determinants
- Inability to afford to make healthy lifestyle choices Lower gross household income unemployment 3 times higher lower levels of education
26
ATSI environmental determinants
- Inaccessibility of mainstream health services | - 20% Living in a remote area
27
ATSI: roles of individuals in addressing the health inequities
Education and access to health facilities are the biggest factors for one's ability to control over their health choices. Education=knowledge + skills to gain control of own health
28
ATSI: Roles of communities in addressing the health inequities
Aboriginal health services are working in partnership with the local communities to improve health care to develop health services specific to ATSI. eg. screening, preventative health care, transport
29
ATSI: roles of Governments in addressing the health inequities
Programs like ABSTUdY helps with the costs of studying or taking apprenticeships. 'Close the Gap' campaign Improving relationship with ATSI leaders (intersectoral collaboration)
30
Rural/remote: nature of health inequities
Approx 1/3 of Aus lives in remote and rural areas. Face inequities in limited access to resources, education, health facilities and employment
31
Rural/remote: the extent of health inequities
- mortality rate 1.5 x larger than major cities - burden of disease 1.4x higher than major cities - Higher rates of obesity - restricted access to primary and specialist services 50% vs 75% completion of yr 12 (city compare)
32
Rural/remote sociocultural determinants
Developed a culture of heaving drinking as well as risk-taking behaviors to a higher risk of CVD and kidney disease
33
Rural/remote socioeconomic determinants
Have lower socioeconomic status and lower education which leads to no ability to make healthy decisions
34
Rural/remote environmental determinants
Access to resources --> limited clean water | Less or no access to facilities
35
Rural/remote: individuals roles in addressing health inequities
Education is the biggest factor in an individual's ability to have control over their health choices. Higher education creates an appreciation of the importance of good healthy behaviors
36
Rural/remote: communities roles in addressing health inequities
Sustain health services in rural areas. Improve health-related transport
37
Rural/remote: Governments roles in addressing health inequities
National Rural and remote health infrastructure program provides funding to remote/rural communities for essential infrastructure and equipment Royal flying doctor service Rural women GP Service- funds travel of female GPs to consult
38
A growing and aging population
Healthy aging, increased population living with chronic diseases and disabilities, demand for health services and workforce shortages, and availability of carers and volunteers
39
What is healthy aging?
The concept is extending the number of healthy years and not requiring medical treatment
40
Benefits of healthy aging
- Longer contribution to the workforce - Less chronic disease and disability - Less health care expenditure - Less pressure on health care services - Less burden on family, community, and volunteers
41
Increased population living with chronic diseases and disability
``` 95% of Aus had long-term conditions. Most common: - back pain -arthritis -vision and hearing problems ``` Causes huge burden on health budget: govt investing money in health promotion to take preventative action
42
Carer
any person providing informal care/assistance to a person due to age/illness/disability
43
Volunteer organizations for the aging population
- meals on wheels (delivers meals, social interaction, check wellbeing) - church groups
44
Demand for Health services and workforce shortages
Hospital waitlists are already stretched, the demand will only increase with an aging population. Residential aged care facilities have workforce shortages and as become a problem in remote areas
45
Volunteer
An unpaid wilful helper with time, service, skill to an organization.
46
Institutional Health Care
Hospitals, nursing homes
47
Non-institutional Care
medical services (provided by Drs and specialists), health-related services (dental, physio, optical), research organizations, screening
48
Public Hospitals
funded/operated by state govt, allocated Dr by the hospital, free of charge, waitlisting for some elective surgery
49
Private Hospitals
funded by the private sector, choice of doctor, pay for service, elective surgery when needed
50
Responsibility for health facilities and services
Public sector: federal, state, and local govt Private sector Community groups
51
Federal Govt roles
provide funding operate medicare and PBS investing in health promotion
52
State Govt roles
deliver most health services Run hospitals Develop/enforce legislation
53
Local Govt roles
enforce environmental health/hygiene regulations | Community healthcare centers eg. childhood centers
54
Private sector roles
Private hospitals dentists Physio Alternate health care (chiropractic)
55
Community groups roles
They are specific certain areas: cancer council Diabetes Australia Asthma foundation
56
Equity of access to health facilities
Medicare, PBS, Bulk billing
57
Medicare
Is Australia's public-funded health care system, ensuring all Australians have access to free or subsided medical care
58
Pharmaceutical benefits Scheme (PBS)
Is a commonwealth Government program that provides subsided prescription drugs to Australia residents ensuring affordable access to a range of essential medicines
59
Bulk billing
Is a feature of medicare that bills medicate directly for the consultation fee so that the patient pays no fee to the doctor
60
comment on Equity of access in Australia
- hospitals are overcrowded meaning waitlists - Access for services for rural/remote is poorer - Govt attempts to overcome the problem with 'The Royal Flying Dr. Services and Telehealth - People from non-English speaking backgrounds find it difficult to navigate Aus health care system
61
Ancillary benefits
Covers medical expenses associated with stay at the hospital
62
Medical safety net
covers ongoing medical care expenses for those with many issues eg. blood tests, pap smears
63
Disadvantages of Medicare
Long waiting times, additional costs, can't choose doctor/hospital
64
What is health care expenditure
Its the allocation of funding for the provision of health services
65
Recurrent Expenditure
Ongoing costs eg. salaries
66
Capital Expenditure
infrequent costs eg. building new hospitals
67
Australian health care expenditure
180.7 billion in 2016-17 Increasing
68
Public health
refred to as preventative health, focuses on prevention, promotion and protection. To discarded healthy lifestyle choices they draw on health education, lifestyle advice, infection control and tax increases. eg. No jap no Play
69
Early intervention
diagnosing a health condition in its early stages and responding to it medically. eg. breast screening, pap smears
70
Prevention measures
eg. immunization
71
Impact of new and emerging treatments and technologies on health care
Creates many benefits to health outcomes but also increases in cost and raises questions of equity accesses
72
Cost and access of new and emerging treatments
The main reason for a rise in health costs is advancing in medical technology eg. new radiological scanning machines (effective in diagnosis but very expensive) Limited avakibity= inequity
73
Benefits of New and emerging treatments and technologies
- early detection of various diseases and illness | - improves treatment and prevention (quality of life)
74
Examples of emerging treatments and technologies
Childhood vaccine: national immunization program | Cancer screening for breast, cervical, and bowel. Aims to reduce morbidity/mortality rates
75
Complementary medecine
Used as well as conventional medicine
76
Alternative medicine
Used instead of conventional medicine
77
Reasons for growth of complementary and alternative health care approaches
Increased creditability Growing multiculturism in Australia Health insurance cover Australians seeking a more holistic approach to health
78
Acupuncture
Inserting needles into the skin at points where the flow of energy are through to be blocked
79
Naturopathy
system of alternative medicine based on the theory that diseases can be treated or prevented without the use of drugs eg. diet, massage, exercise
80
Chiropractor
diagnosis and manipulative treatment of misalignments of the joints
81
How to make informed consumer choices
Research, select, reassess

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