Copy of Roman Arc - Sheet3 Flashcards
Aquarossa
6th: middle ground btwn Murlo and Atrium houses; friezes depict banqueting with women, Herakles
Why does S Etruria grow faster
Tufa erodes to flat plateaus
425 Samnium
Major sancts at foci (Pietrabondante); minor at villages; warrior burials
Baratella
Este: primary shrine to Reitia; from 8th; writing tablets and styli by women
Gatcombe date, location
III=Gallic exile?, Bristol
Fishbourne II
c. 75-III: villa with 100m porticoe; local and med materials manufactured on-site
9th Rome
Both shift to inhume in fossa. Forum pots superior. Rise in pop.
How did development progress in Africa
intensification of pre-existing practice. However, nonetheless undermined trad structures; increased sedentary agriculture and town size
Potter on the Wall
c. 200, TS from Gaul, finewear from Trier, mortaria from Northampshire; local cooking pots; From IV, production centralized in Yorkshire
Innovation at Central OdellO
8th: Putative gens around male inhumation/female cremation; strict separation from out-group; contamination and no gender, age, or social distinction within; clustering indicates multiple branches
S Ombono II
525: 3-sided podium; fluted wooden columns; terracotta pediment, acroterion showing Hercules, Minerva; SPINDLE WHORLS=idiosyncratic
Why is La Tene absent in South?
N and W is burial; S settlement. And sole necropolis in Liguria dominated by La Tene weaponry
Why can’t Hingley escape Millet/Haverfield?
Reliant on Finley-derived economy; despite rhetoric, dichotomy still determines metanarrative
Syria pattern
Hellenistic village–>moderat villas of vets, local mags; upland villages entirely specialized–>late Roman agglomerations c. 40km2 without any central planning. Moreover, villas subdivide. –>Byzantine increases in density + domination by church of continued monoculture
Fish factories, duration in Spain, Africa
28; From caesar; peak Claudius to SS; recover under C; die Gaiseric
10th Rome
both cremate in dolium in pozzo, leave hut urns, but pot style differs. One grave on Palatine
Lex Manciana
coloni and heirs farm until land fallow for 2 consecutive years, pay 1/3; incentives to cultivate new land; improvements to land apear to have been alienable–>coloni could plant olives/other polyculture, lease right to harvest
Rural centers at Veneti
625
Construction process
Architect bids with plans, elevations; contract redemptores, who subcontract fabri
Resources of Latium
Less fertile than Campania; fewer minerals than Etruria
Fishbourne 1
Supply depot–>great house
600-550 Rome settle
S Ombono I; Vesta; Cippus; tufa blocks; arx on Capitoline
6th Veneti
Padua, shrines delimit Chora, single necropolis; Este: several necropoleis, shrines delimit urban zone;
Evidence for families in camps
Shoes, jewelry
African hinterlands
Beyond Caesarea and Kasserine, montagnard and vets at Diana Veteranorum, respectively
Largest Ship
Isis=1,200 ~East India vs. Wyoming- 4,000
Owner of multiple?
Aetius; chemical composition
7th (Etruria)
Mounds (e.g. Banditaccia); ambiguous monumental complexes (Murlo I)
8th Latium
Huts of pise (Lavinium, Fidenae) and straw roofs, c. 50-100m2
7th Latium
Consolidation, fortification, increase in grave goods (chariots at Castel di Decima–including female grave)
800-725 Rome (burial)
proto-pomerium (palatine and Velia)–>children in Forum. Adult graves show imports
Who excavated Esquiline tombs
Lanciani
5th NW
La Tene appears in N and W; migration to hilltops begins
Villas in Baetica
I-IV; mines. Guadalcuivir divided into 3 (lower laborers live in villas or agro-ville)
% imported at GAtcombe
60% from 100km+
Kasserine location, timeline
Western Tunisia; Increase during I-II; peak from III-V; end VI.iv
(Urbanized) pop of Hermopolis
1.5 of 4.5
Fish factories, duration in Brittany
6; Claudius to Constantine
Chronology of RS
ITS dominats; From 70a, Gallic restricts to Aegean; from 150, ARS pushes Gallic North of Alps; once stamps begin, chronology geteriorates
9th Latium
Clusters of hut settlements (Palatine, Esquiline); common graveyards (Osteria dell’Ossa)
Beneventum rise
325: artisans, monumental terraces, necropolis–>mini Larinum; Staii at Delos indicate wealth; soldiers indicate good demographics
Size, capacity of Albenga
450 tons; 10,000 Dressel 1; near Nice, c. 100b
Elsewhere at OdellO (3)
bodies rearranged, surrounded by travertine (including woman with iron, bear’s tooth); writing; Villanovan warrior tomb
ARS trends
Dummy curve–> increase from 100, peak c. 150, fall to 175 (Classis Africana COMMODIANA)
S Ombono I
575: 10*10 podium; single cella; amber, bones, latin and Etruscan inscriptions (1/2 lion with Etruscan name); pediment ~ Artemis at Corfu
Lybian Valley pattern
Figs, fruits, industrial olive press. Mausolea in Roman style with Lybian epigraphy; courtyard farms later fortified
Who stamped at La Graufesenque
Gallic owner–>advery, potter’s sign for internal use
South Etruria under Rome - trends
Drop to 350; rebound to 250; drop to 100; rebound by Aug; then double, maintain till Phillip
Mixture of settlements in Ager Faliscus (S Etruria)
1/5 villas; 1/3 huts; 2/5 farms
Larinum
4th: absorbs nearby villages, expands; produces black-glazed
Sacrifices at St Ombono
625
Peak of Northern production
3rd: Northern environment/ag practices (dep soil, husbandry) + Roman context (investment, trade, markets)–>innovations mouldboard plow, coulter
Lybian valleys dates
I-V
Who stamped at Arrezzo
Roman owner, Greek slave
Monte Vairano
350: consumption, redistribution, production of black-glazed, temples, houses of power, WINE CONSUMPTION
Late Bronze Age Italy
Homogenous; hilltop villages=dozens; sporadic occurence of one large building per settlemen–>impermanent stratification
Auditorium III
3rd: loses olive press, divides into impluvium, altar
4th NW
Migration to hilltops accelerates; Lepontic (Goalseccan script) disappears
Regia I
600: entrance, courtyard, shrines to Ops and Mars
How does Romanization begin
Consumption: wine, fashion–>hygiene, architecture; ornamental to economic gardens
Africa Proconsularis pattern
Never more than 2 presses; extensive baths. Intensive fieldwalking + 10,000 sherd analysis—>good regional dates
South Etruria under Rome
New towns at nodes, settlements more than compensate for losses; pollen and sediment indicate increased ag; from II-VI farms and huts disappear to hills
650-600 Rome settle
2m fill; roofing tiles from Velabrum; pebbled paving and STEP DOWN into Forum; demarcation of Regia–>Phase 1; sacrifices and idiosyncratic votives at Sant’Ombono
Defensive walls?
Post Veii: fossa->grotta oscura->agger, retaining wall
Where did Roman limes stabilize
WWhere surplus crops of cereals ALREADY HARVESTED
Africa Proconsularis dates
Segermes Valley, East T = Kasserine: increase to peak III-IV; end during VI
Cremation, Charon’s pennies at Samnium
475
Lex Hadriana de rudibus agris
Generalizes ad hoc responses to petitions from Coloni to cultivate unused land not occupied by conductores; like Manciana, no rents for olives for 10 years; nor for vines for 5
Portonaccio Temple
Outside walls of Veii; 510-500; myths on acroterion depict Apollo, Leto, and Heracles in Greek myth
650-600 Rome burial
chamber tombs house Sarcos, urns, lavish grave goods
Excavator of Gatcombe
Brannigan the exxagerator
Caesarea pattern
Functional desgin, placement along roads, full oileries, dependence of ALL nearby villages–>intensive absentee (conductor-run)
Workshops at Arrezo
100, with 10-20 potters
Ager Cosanus
Villae maritimae by 2nd; during early E, crowd out huts; during late E, villas decrease, farms disappear
8th Veneti
Pop centers develop; dedications to Reitia at Baratella in Este
Early northern innovations
Scythe–>hay meadow
Decorations of Murlo II
c. 600; secular friezes (banqueting, marriage procession), apotropaic terracottas on roof;
725-650 Rome burial
Few people more richly; children with (e.g. Amber, gendered bracelets)
Auditorium II
475: earliest and largest olive presses in IT; one of 2 residences over 500m2 prior to Hellenistic
Family at Settefinestre
Sestii
Caesarea dates, location
South of Menorca; Peak I-II; decline II
550-500 Rome settle
Area Capitolina, Capitolium completes trio of multi-purpose centers; atrium houses appear along the route; S Ombono II; Regia takes cannonical form; Auditorium Villa phase I
Largest dedication of Plancia Magna
Gate-arch of Perge dedicated to patria makes no reference to man. Moreover, female figures dominate rich statuary
High/Low count
6/14mil–>1.2 vs 1.34 per worker
Barbotine
Like icing a cake
6th Etruria
Tagliate, Cuniculi, roads to necropoleis; distinction between urban and rural; circumscription of religious spaces (apotropaic sculpture
800-725 Rome settlement
huts on Palatine; rectilinear from pise, leveled dirt floors, drainage channels
Alfedana
N Samnite cemetary, from 6th: 12,000 in cists, wooden coffins; possible gentes in concentric rings
Kasserine pattern
Agro-villes c. 50ha, with 20+ presses; estates with 4+ and dependent farms; mausolea links to municipal aristos
Fixed dates for RS chronologies
German forts, Pompeii; Hadrian and AP Walls
Murlo II
c. 600: 60*60m; rooms surround central portico with shrine and finewear; brick workshop nearby; offices of confederacy
Innovations at NW Osteria dell’Ossa
900: cremation in pozzo to inhumation a fossa; miniatures to full-size sword
6th Samnium
Hercules shrines at foci of tratturo network; Alfedana cemetary; regional patterning for grave goods (Vases vs. statues)
Creative appropriation in Padua
Togate male; female in Venetic costume
House forms in Cheviotts
Move to curvilenear; Roman-style huts over abandoned ramparts
Britain during II
civic Arch regresses; elites build sig private houses; irregular towns arise near civitas borders
Madrague de Giens
40m; 300-400 tons; 6-8000 Dressel 1B (3-4 levels); sank off Toulon under Nero
Distribution at NW OdellO
4-5 men cremated central; inhumed adult women; inhumed young men and women, children, infants (N varied a bit)
Why was NW liminal
Simplon pass
Size, contents of Gatcombe
200*300m; smith, bakery, slaughterhouse; house assumed
Carvel built
Yadi Assa and Madrague de Giens; mortice and tendon.
Banditaccia
Cerveteri, 7th-: rock-cut chambers, gold/silver vessels, bronze arms
Differentiation in NW OdellO
North gives meat to all, only urn to central; South vice-versa
Female Chariot
Castel di Decima (7th), but Laurence says gendered
Regia Final
525: arch terracottas; entrance flanked by shrines–>portico
8th-7th Samnium
~Bronze; transhumance; gendered grave goods; traumatic lesions, post-cranial
Lagole
Water, writing; focus of network; dedications by individuals and communities
Variations at Solway
North of wall, 20% walled; south, 2% with rectilinear, larger fields
Size of Hingley’s largest roundhouse
200m2
How do African landowners invest
Infrastructure, processing facilities
How would people focalize Roman towns?
Along local political lines (products of Elite 1; or think of Pompeii after social war)
Example of urbanization change
Arsinoite nome, Crocodilopolis: 10-20%
Laborers on baths
15% of population. INcluding quarries, up to 20,000. Over 6 years
6th Latium
Civic, religious replace burials as context for display; first of 13 altars at Lavinium
8th (Etruria)
nucleation accelerates
Who excavated Forum tombs
Boni
Why did NW finally Romanize
Connubium, comercium undermined
Vicarious literacy
Babatha; Tebtunis shows 20% with Egyptian names party to written contracts
Villanovan
Etruria, 11-10: nucleation to 100ha, 1,000p
Auditorium I
525
Auditorium III
2nd: reintegration–>Atrium house
1st, 2nd NW
La Tene continuity, numismatic continuity. Cf. Cottius of Insubres
Tech improvements at mines
Water-lifting; shoring—>wagon-sized tunnels
