Coping Flashcards
Coping
The management of taxing/stressful situations.
Psychological needs - meeting them helps increase ability to cope/resilience.
Depression
A state of mental disturbance, characterised by negative affect.
Emotional Expression
The display of emotions through facial features/behaviour.
Ekman; Izard - some expressions can be seen universally.
Evolutionary theories.
Emotions: Functions
To communicate feelings, socially interact, develop, help us cope.
Explanatory Style
Term used for the explanations given following the experience of good/bad events.
Flow
A mental state derived from the full immersion, focus, involvement and success in an activity. Csikzentmihalyi.
Goals
Something you’re trying to achieve.
Assigned/self-set goals.
Goal Orientation
Refers to the motivational framework used to achieve goals.
Happiness
A mental state of positive affect.
Hardiness (Resilience)
Psychological resilience, positive capacity for people to cope with stress and catastrophe. Related to maintenance - the prevention of ill health.
Psycological needs - Werner & Smith.
Hope
The belief that we can find a path to our goal, by using our skills, abilities or persistence.
Implicit Theories of Self
Refers to strategies used to experience our world - coping, reacting, changing.
Linked to implicit theories of the world, mastery/performance strategies.
Learned Helplessness
An expectation of failure as a result of past events, due to uncontrollability/unpredictability. Accompanied by a negative cognitive/behavioural state.
Three components: contingency, cognition, behaviour.
Seligman & Maier - shuttlebox dogs.
Hiroto - people; noise.
Life Satisfaction
A measure of subjective well-being.
Psychological needs - meeting them leads to satisfaction, vitality and empowerment.
Mastery
Linked to goal orientation. Involved with the development of competence. Happiness from competence.
Optimism
A positive attitude or disposition that good things will happen, regardless of abilities.
Pain
Psychological construct resulting from tissue damage or emotional reversal.
Performance
Linked to goal orientation. Approach - completing a goal for rewards. Avoidance - avoiding goals for fear of failure.
Pessimism
A negative attitude/disposition that bad things will happen, regardless of abilities.
Placebo
A substance with no medical effect.
Recovery
The return to normal health, physical/mental. Linked to maintenance - the prevention of ill health.
Self-belief/concept
The view of oneself formed through the direct experience and evaluations adopted by significant others.
Self-efficacy
Judgements about one’s abilities.
Links to psychological needs - competence, empowerment.
Stress
Pressure/tension experience in the absence of coping.
Emotion Theories
Evolutionary.
James-Lange.
Cannon-Bard.
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotions are the result of physiological changes made by the autonomic nervous system.
Hohman found people had reduced emotions after spinal cord damage.
Laird found Ps rated cartoons funnier when smiling.
Valins found male Ps rated females more attractive when listening to a fake faster heartbeat.
Evolutionary theory of emotion
Ekman; Izard hold that emotions/expressions are universal.
Ekman found at least 6 universally recognised emotions.
Cannon’s Criticisms of James-Lange theory
Each emotion needs a distinct pattern of neural activity.
Maranon states physiology alone is insufficient to cause emotional change.
Total separation of the viscera from the CNS did not prevent emotional experiences, only reduced.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Physiological arousal and production of emotions occur simultaneously, and independently of each other.
