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Gen Pathology > COPD > Flashcards

COPD Flashcards

1
Q

a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung

A

Atelectasis

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2
Q

A patient with COPD and is barrel chested. Immediately, you think of this COPD. Which is it?

A

Emphysema

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3
Q

α 1 Anti Trypsin Deficiency is produced in

A

Liver

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4
Q

Why do patients w emphysema often exhibit purse-lipped breathing?

A

inc airway pressure during expiration to reduce air trapping

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5
Q

very good culture media for organisms to infect further respi system

A

Pneumonia

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6
Q

due to backflow superior vena cava

A

JVD: Jugular Vein Distention

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7
Q

Protease is an enzyme that _____ & _____

A

(1) breakdown protein
(2) target tissue

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8
Q

ballooning appears at out periphery of lung, can further complicate into compression pneumothorax
-> large bulbus structure & rupture,

A

Paraseptal / Distal Acinar Emphysema

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9
Q

Emphysema inflammatory process occurs in

A

Lungs

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10
Q

Goblet cells are scattered throughout _____

A

pseudostratified cilited epithelium

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11
Q

Causes of COPD (SEA)

A

(1) Smoking or Vaping
(2) Environmental
(3) Alpha 1 Anti Trypsin Deficiency

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12
Q

Process to stimulate cough reflex

A

breath in → entrap particles in mucous → beating of cilia will bring particles away from air sacs → goes further to main bronchioles
→ trachea → pharynx = stimulate cough reflex

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13
Q

Elastase is synthesized by ____ & ___

A

(1) Cytokines & (2) Neutrophils

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14
Q

_____ undergoes phagocytosis, release inflammatory mediators ____ & cause inflammatory process

A

(1) Alveolar Macrophage
(2) Cytokines

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15
Q

Normal ratio of respiration

A

0.8

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16
Q

Inflammatory process (1) (2)

A

(1) Inc vasodilation & blood circulation
(2) Occurs in the lungs

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17
Q

Sign & Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis (OCC WIIDH)

A

(1) Obesity / Inc BMI
(2) Cyanosis (hypercapnea)
(3) Chronic productive cough (3 mos, 2 yrs)
(4) Wheezing upon exhalation
(5) Inc anteroposterior diameter of heart
(6) Inspiratory crackles/rales
(7) Dyspnea (diff breathing)
(8) Hyperresonance chest percussion on examination

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18
Q

Risks may develop in CB

A

(1) Hypercapnea
(2) Hyperplasia
(3) Hypertrophy
(4) Hypoxia
(5) Ciliary Disfunction
(6) Pneumonia

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19
Q

when mucous compresses or breaks w cilia

A

Ciliary disfunction

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20
Q

Etiological bacteria in CB

A

1) H. Influenza
2) Moraxella catarrhalis

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21
Q

____: enlargement of cells, _____: cell division

A

(1) Hypertrophy
(2) Hyperplasia

22
Q

A type of pulmonary emphysema mainly localized to the proximal respiratory bronchioles with focal destruction and predominantly found in the upper lung zones

A

centriacinar emphysema

23
Q

slight collapse of the respiratory passageways during exhalation

A

Bernoulli’s principle

24
Q

inc recoil, keeps air passageway open even during exhalation, w/o this it will cause tightening of passageway = total collapse

A

Elastin

25
Q

balloon/bulbul structure in lower lobe of lung

A

Panacinar Emphysema

26
Q

Cellular adaptation due to constant irritation of the respiratory tract includes hyperplasia and hypertrophy of which structure

A

mucous glands of the submucosal layer

27
Q

defensive mechanism (against irritation of pharynx or trapped material in pharynx)

A

Coughing

28
Q

due to backflow in lower extremities (LE)

A

Edema of Lower Extremities

29
Q

True or False

In the formula of respiration
V = Ventilation
Q = Pressure

A

False, Perfussion

30
Q

Chronic bronchitis & emphysema may present at the same time.

A

True

31
Q

In examination of Chronic bronchitis, what type of cough is heard

A

gurgling cough (smokers cough / ubong kabayo)

32
Q

Substance produced by mucous to combat bac present

A

Alkaline

33
Q

True or False

Emphysema: Lungs; Alpha 1 Anti Trypsin Deficiency: Liver

A

True

34
Q

True or False

Barrel chested: inc anteroposterior & lateral diameter of chest

A

True

35
Q

results from high protons (acidic blood), highly dangerous

A

Respiratory Acidosis

36
Q

Sign & Symptoms of Emphysema (WEW BEH)

A

(1) Weight loss
(2) Exhalation thru pursed lips
(3) Wheezing upon exhalation
(4) Barrel Chested (inc AP & lateral diameter of chest)
(5) Early stages: proper oxygenation
(6) Hyperesonance chest percussion during examination

37
Q

_____: infection scattered throughout lung; ___ infected: entire lobe

A

(1) Broncho pneumonia
(2) Lobar pneumonia

38
Q

Right-side heart failure caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension.

A
  • cor pulmonale
39
Q

due to backflow in hepatic in liver because of the backflow of inferior vena cava

A

Hepatomegaly or Splenomegaly

40
Q

A natural autoregulatory response in which the intrapulmonary arteries constrict in response to alveolar hypoxia, diverting blood to better-oxygenated lung segments, thereby optimizing ventilation/perfusion matching and systemic oxygen delivery

A

hypoxic/hypoxemic vasoconstriction

41
Q

How to attain 0.8 respiration in COPD w dec ventilation?

A

(1) Decrease perfusion by undergoing vasoconstriction
(2) Detour the blood, bring circulation to other air sacs where proper ventilation can occur

42
Q

Mucous plug causes dec in oxygen & inc in carbon dioxide

A

Hypoxemia

43
Q

retention of carbon dioxide

A

Hypercapnea

44
Q

3 Categories of Emphysema

A

(1) Centriacinar emphysema
(2) Panacinar Emphysema
Paraseptal / Distal Acinar Emphysema

45
Q

Chronic bronchitis is mainly presented with excessive mucus production and which kind of cough that persists for months?

A

productive

46
Q

Alpha 1-antitrypsin produced by the liver functions in

A

inhibits protease activity

47
Q

Due to constant irritation, respi lining gets irritated: ___________ produce excessive amount of mucous

A

Mucous gland & Goblet cells

48
Q

True or False

In Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency one copy alone can manifest a disease

A

True

49
Q

Excessive mucous will produce or cause (1) (2)

A

(1) Lumen of their passageway will become narrower
(2) Mucous stays on respi tract

50
Q

The slight collapse of the respiratory passageways due to Bernoulli’s principle occurs during which phase of ventilation?

A

expiration

51
Q

____ mucous prob: _____ structural prob:

A

(1) Chronic Bronchitis; (2) Emphysema

52
Q

a uniform dilatation of the air space from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli, resulting in evenly distributed emphysematous changes within secondary lobule. Predominates in lower lobe

A

Panacinar emphysema

Gen Pathology (5 decks)

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