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Gen Pathology > Congestive Heart Failure > Flashcards

Congestive Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

The aortic valves become so stiff and fibrotic that the left ventricle can only push a small volume of blood to the systemic circulation. This condition causes an increase in

A

afterload

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2
Q

This occurs when a normally functioning heart could not keep with an unusually high demand for blood by the body.

A

high output heart failure

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3
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the JG cells causes:

A

releases renin

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4
Q

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of left-side ventricular failure?

(1) sense of impending doom
(2) dyspnea
(3) calf edema
(4) ascites

A

(2) dyspnea

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5
Q

Which of the following regarding ADH is true?

(1) ADH is released from the anterior pituitary
(2) mediates vasodilation via V1 receptors in the blood vessels
(3) mediates increased synthesis of aquaporins which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
(4) release is triggered by an increase in systemic blood pressure

A

(3) mediates increased synthesis of aquaporins which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

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6
Q

Which of the following would not be an expected sign of right-sided congestive heart failure?
(1) prominent jugular vein
(2) hepatomegaly
(3) pulmonary edema
(4) pleural effusion

A

(3) pulmonary edema

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7
Q

Tachycardia can also cause decrease cardiac output. (yes or no)

A

yes

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8
Q

_______ is an accumulation of non-caseating granulomas in the interstitial environment.

A

sarcoidosis

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9
Q

inability of the heart to produce enough force or stretch to push blood out, when the heart cannot accommodate enough venous return = dec preload

A

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

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10
Q

Congestion may occur outside the heart (True or False)

A

True

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11
Q

If heart becomes weak the ff can occur:

A

1) wall of ventricles become thin
2) cannot pump enough blood into systemic & pulmonary circulation or contract properly
3) blood is not pushed into circulation or no proper distribution in organ or properly oxygenate tissue
4) it will lead to ischemia -> necrosis -> multiple organ system failure = death

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12
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT formula:

A

CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

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13
Q

True or False

inc HR or SV = inc cardiac output
* both heart rate & stroke volume directly proportional to cardia output

A

True

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14
Q

amount of blood ejected from the heart
every minute

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

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15
Q

True or False

Both preload & contractility: directly proportional to stroke volume (inc preload/contractility = inc stroke vol)

A

True

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16
Q

Normal Heart Rate:

A

60 - 100 bpm

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17
Q

200 - 280 bpm: ______; 40 - 60 bpm: ______

A

(1) Tachycardia = low CO
(2) Bradycardia

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18
Q

aorta pushes blood to coronary artery, distributing blood to other parts of heart

A

Resting Period

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19
Q

distributes blood to different parts of the body

A

Coronary Artery

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20
Q

SV is dependent on: (1) (2) (3)

A

1 Preload, 2 Contractility & 3 Afterload

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21
Q

Choose: (1) Preload (2) Contractility (3) Afterload

actual stretching of the myocardial cells to contract

A

(2) Contractility

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22
Q

Choose: (1) Preload (2) Contractility (3) Afterload

not directly / inversely proportional

A

(3) Afterload

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23
Q

Choose: (1) Preload (2) Contractility (3) Afterload

amount of stretch that myocardia cells do prior to action contraction of the heart

A

(1) Preload

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24
Q

Choose: (1) Preload (2) Contractility (3) Afterload

pressure that ventricles must overcome to push blood out (specifically left ventricle)

A

(3) Afterload

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25
Q

Choose: (1) Preload (2) Contractility (3) Afterload

More vol of blood coming in = greater stretching
= greater contraction

A

(2) Contractility

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26
Q

When does the myocardial cells begin to stretch?

A

When ventricles are being filled with blood

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27
Q

During _____ there is colonization throughout the muscle tissue that causes initial stress

A

ventricular filling

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28
Q

“pulse pressure”
pressure produced by ventricle to push blood out of the aorta (120 - 80 = 40 mmHg)

A

Pressure Gradient

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29
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

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30
Q

BP: 120/100 -> pressure gradient is 20 mmHg (120 - 100). Pressure is too low for ventricles to push out blood. What will the body do?

A

You need to increase your systolic pressure

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31
Q

pressure exerted when blood is ejected in arteries (yng una)

A

Systolic BP

32
Q

pressure blood exerts within arteries between heartbeats

A

Diastolic BP

33
Q

TYPES OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (1) (2) (3) (4)

A

1 Systolic heart failure
2 Diastolic heart failure
3 High output heart failure
4 Right side heart failure

34
Q

Choose: (1) Systolic heart failure| (2) Diastolic heart failure| (3) High output heart failure | (4) Right side heart failure

Ventricular Myocardial cells cannot generate enough power to create higher stroke volume
* Inability of the heart to push blood out
* Heart cant contract properly = leads to low CO

A

(1) Systolic heart failure

35
Q

Choose: (1) Systolic heart failure| (2) Diastolic heart failure| (3) High output heart failure | (4) Right side heart failure

  • Heart too restricting, stiff & fibrotic (leads to)
  • Doesn’t get enough venous return
  • Myocardial cells don’t stretch properly
  • Valves are very week
A

(2) Diastolic heart failure

36
Q

Choose: (1) Systolic heart failure| (2) Diastolic heart failure| (3) High output heart failure | (4) Right side heart failure

left ventricle exerts too much to push blood out
inc in oxygen demand & dec oxygen supply =
heart: work harder, tissue: demands more oxygen

A

(3) High output heart failure

37
Q

Choose: (1) Systolic heart failure| (2) Diastolic heart failure| (3) High output heart failure | (4) Right side heart failure

Common Cause *decrease/low contractility of myocardial cells
* inc preload due to existing low contractility

A

(1) Systolic heart failure

38
Q

conditions that could lead to low contractility

A

(1) Myocardial Infarction
(2) Dilated Cardiomyopathy

39
Q

heart is too big or cardiomegaly & ventricles are too thin = cant generate enough power to pump blood out;
caused by infection, viral or idiopathic

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

40
Q

significantly left side of the anterior left ventricle

A

Myocardial Infarction

41
Q
  • when you have 140 ml of blood in left ventricle & right ventricle contracts,
  • 40 ml: pushed out; 100 ml: left in left ventricle
  • when left ventricle continues to accept blood from pulmonary circuit
A

Venous Return

42
Q

“vomiting” putting in & pushing it out

A

Regurgitation

43
Q
  • Disease that could aggregate diastolic heart w regards to inc preload & low contractility
  • Conditions that allow venous return
A

Mitral & Aortic Valve Regurgitation

44
Q

blood regurgitates due to
* weak or flappy valves
* inc preload (blood vol from lung & blood regurgitation will mix & go back to ventricle)

A

Mitral Valve Regurgitation
“bicuspid valve”

45
Q

blood regurgitates back due to weak aortic valve when ventricles contract

A

Aortic Valve Regurgitation

46
Q

2 Aspects to Consider in Diastolic Heart Failure

A

(1) Low preload
(2) High afterload

47
Q

Low Preload causes: (1) (2) (3)

A

1 Constrictive Pericarditis
2 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
3 Myocardial Infarction (MI)

48
Q

Choose: (1) Constrictive Pericarditis (2) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
(3) Myocardial Infarction (MI)

heart is too stiff, doesn’t want to expand

A

(2) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

49
Q

Choose: (1) Constrictive Pericarditis (2) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
(3) Myocardial Infarction (MI)

necrotic heart tissue will be replaced with fibrotic tissue = heart will not stretch

A

(3) Myocardial Infarction (MI)

50
Q

Choose: (1) Constrictive Pericarditis (2) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
(3) Myocardial Infarction (MI)

(inflammation of pericardial sacs)
sacs become inflamed & lead to fibrosis, pushes heart to itself

A

(1) Constrictive Pericarditis

51
Q

Disease that can lead to Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (5) ACASH

A

1 Cancer
2 Any accumulation of substance
3 Amyloidosis
4 Sarcoidosis
5 Hemochromatosis

52
Q

Choose:
(1) Cancer
(2) Any accumulation of substance
(3) Amyloidosis
(4) Sarcoidosis
(5) Hemochromatosis

accumulation of amyloid protein, restricts stretching

A

(3) Amyloidosis

53
Q

Choose:
(1) Cancer
(2) Any accumulation of substance
(3) Amyloidosis
(4) Sarcoidosis
(5) Hemochromatosis

accumulation of iron in ee; iron deposits in between myocardial cells (leads to)
= restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

(5) Hemochromatosis

54
Q

Choose:
(1) Cancer
(2) Any accumulation of substance
(3) Amyloidosis
(4) Sarcoidosis
(5) Hemochromatosis

accumulation of non caseating granulomas found in diff tissues of the body

A

(4) Sarcoidosis

55
Q

High afterload is caused by (1) (2) (3)

A

1 Hypertension
2 Aortic Valve Stenosis
3 Cortication of aorta

56
Q

Choose:
2 Aortic Valve Stenosis
3 Cortication of aorta

part of aorta becomes narrow (coarctation)
LV should produce pressure to overcome existing pressure of cortication

A

3 Cortication of aorta

57
Q

Choose:
2 Aortic Valve Stenosis
3 Cortication of aorta

thick or stiff aortic valve, only a small or narrow passageway for blood

A

2 Aortic Valve Stenosis

58
Q

3 Aspects to Consider in RSHF

A

1 Low Contractility
2 High Preload
3 High Afterload

59
Q

1 Low Contractility
2 High Preload
3 High Afterload

Myocardial Infarction (MI) in right side inferior side of heart is due to

A

1 Low Contractility

60
Q

High afterload causes conditions (1_ (2) (3)

A

(1) Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
(2) Lung Disease
(3) Pulmonary hypertension

61
Q

a condition that causes the right side of the heart to fail, if heart is affected due to COPD

A

Cor Pulmonale

62
Q

Example of Lung Disease

A

1 Emphysema
2 Chronic Bronchitis

63
Q

super stiff pulmonary valve, narrow passage of blood

A

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

64
Q

Pulmonary hypertension causes: (1) (2)

A

1 pulmonary edema
2 pulmonary embolism

65
Q

Diseases Related to Hi Output Heart Failure (TAPAB)

A

1 Thyrotoxicosis
2 AV Fistula
3 Pregnancy
4 Anemia
5 Beri Beri

66
Q

abnormal proteins produced by different cells of the body, light chain proteins accumulate in ee

A

Amyloid Proteins

67
Q

abnormal connections between coronary arteries and a compartment of the venous side of the heart

shunt blood flow from artery
to vein or vice versa
(majority: artery to vein)

A

AV Shunting or AV Fistula

68
Q

thyroid glands become too toxic

A

THYROTOXICOSIS

69
Q

Hyperthyroidism produces _____= inc metabolic activity of heart

A

higher amounts of t24

70
Q

deficiency in Vit B1 (thiamine)

A

Beri Beri

71
Q

deficiency in Vit B1 (thiamine)

A

Beri Beri

72
Q

enzyme responsible for conversion of
pyruvate to acetyl coa * to function proper it has to have a coenzyme ______

A

(1) PDH Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (2) Thiamine

73
Q

Experienced by individuals w beri beri

A

1) pdh cannot function properly = pyruvate will accumulate = converted to lactic acid
= produce limited amount of ATP
2. lactic acidosis: blood becomes acidic, it will cause systemic blood vessels to dilate

74
Q

person experiencing cognitive heart disease has the ff:

A
  • low perfusion due to low cardiac output,
  • person has low blood pressure
75
Q

True or False

Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

A

True

76
Q

True or False

TPR (Total Physical Response) indirectly proportional w BP

A

False

77
Q

TPR (Total Physical Response) indirectly proportional w BP

A

Gen Pathology (5 decks)

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