👋Coordination and Control🧠 Flashcards
Neurone
A nerve cell
Synapse
Small gaps between neurones
CNS
Central Nervous System
CNS
- part of nervous system
- links receptors and effectors
What does the CNS contain?
- brain 🧠
- spinal cord
Reflex arc
Pathway of neurones in a reflex action
Neurone function
Carries information in the form of small electrical charges
Nerve impulses
- Information
- in the form of small electrical charges
- carried by neurones
Stimulus
Anything we respond to
What do stimuli affect?
Receptors in the body
What happens when a receptor is stimulated?
Causes an effector e.g muscle to produce response
What has a coordinating role?
CNS
Voluntary response
- conscious control involved
- slower speed of action
Conscious control
Brain + thinking time
Reflex action
- no conscious control involved
- fast speed of action
Reflex
Automatic and often protective
Reflex arc
Pathway of neurones in a reflex action
Association neurone
- connector
- joins the sensory and motor neurones
Sensory neurone
carries nerve impulses from receptors to spinal cord
Motor neurone
carries nerve impulses from spinal cord back to muscle (effector) causing response
Where do the three neurones link?
Grey matter (butterfly shaped part) 🦋⚫️⚪️
Order part of spinal cord
White matter ⚪️
Branched ends
- Part of neurone
- make connections with many other nerve cells
What are neurones surrounded by?
Insulating myelin sheath🧣
Axon
Gives neurone its long length
Myelin sheath
- insulates
- enables impulses to be conducted faster
Synapses allow?
Allow nerve impulses to pass from one neurone to adjacent neurone
Synaptic transmission step 1
- nerve impulse reaches the end of neurone
- special chemicals – transmitter chemicals – released from vesicles
- diffuse across short gap between neurones
Where transmitter chemicals are released from
Vesticles ⚽️ ⚽️
Synaptic transmission step 2
If enough transmitter diffuses across got nerve impulse is triggered in next neurone
Synaptic transmission
Chemical
Nerve impulses – transmission in neurones
Electrical
Hormone
- Chemical messengers produced by glands
- travels in the blood to bring about a response in a target organ
Nervous system, communication
Electrical impulses along neurones
Fast acting
Hormone method of communication
- Chemicals in blood
- usually slow acting
Insulin
- Hormone
- Lowers blood glucose concentrations
How insulin lowers blood glucose
- liver + muscle 💪 cells to absorb more glucose from the blood
- used for respiration 🫁
- converted into glycogen in liver- storage 📦
Where insulin is produced
Pancreas
What is the pancreas?
A gland
What is the target organ for insulin?
Liver
Insulin affect blood glucose concentration
Lowers/reduces
Why the body need glucose in the blood
Glucose transported to body cells to provide energy in respiration
Why concentration of insulin in the blood is usually at its lowest in the middle of the night
- Glucose concentrations will also be low at night
- glucose from last meal is used up in respiration or converted to glycogen for storage
Negative feedback
- homeostatic mechanism
- Body detects a change
- Makes an adjustment to return levels to normal
What are many negative feedback mechanisms in the body control by?
Hormones
What is the concentration of insulin released determined by?
Concentration of glucose in the blood
Symptoms of diabetes
- High blood glucose concentration
- Glucose in urine
- lethargy
- thirst
Diabetes
Condition in which the blood glucose control mechanism fails
Type one diabetes
Insulin is not produced by the pancreas
What is type one diabetes not caused by
Lifestyle
Type two diabetes
Insulin is produced but stops working properly or pancreas does not produce enough insulin
Treatment for type two diabetes
Controlled by diet initially, but later requires medication and/or insulin injections
Type one diabetes treatment
- Insulin injections for life
- Controlled diet and exercise for life
Type two diabetes, preventative measures
- Exercise
- reduce sugar intake
- avoid obesity
Long-term effects of badly treated diabetes
- eye damage 👁️
- heart disease 🫀
- strokes🔥
- kidney damage 👦🦵 🔥
What is the number of people who suffer from diabetes doing?
Increasing rapidly
What’s happening to the cost of treatment of diabetes?
Becoming very high
What is an increase in the number of people with type two diabetes link to?
- Poor diet 🍔
- Lack of exercise 🚫🏃♀️
Excretion
Removal of waste products from the body
Examples of excretion
- carbon dioxide during breathing 😮💨
- urea in the kidneys
Osmoregulation
Controlling the water balance in the body 💧🕺
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment in the body for the proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to internal and external change
What can happen when homeostasis is achieved?
The proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to change
How do we gain water
- Drinking liquids 🥤
- In food 🥘
- Water produced in body cells as waste product in respiration 🫁
Examples of losing water
- Evaporation of sweat 😅
- breathing out water vapour 😮💨💦
- urine 🚽
What can be “fine tuned” to control water balance?
Amount of water lost in urine 🚽
Function of the kidney
- Organ
- controls water balance
How does the kidney control water balance?
Controlling amount of water that is reabsorbed back into blood during filtering process
What is the amount of water reabsorbed controlled by?
Antidiuretic hormone
What happens if blood is too concentrated
More antidiuretic hormone is released
What does more antidiuretic hormone being produced result in?
- More water reabsorption
- less urine produced
Blood too dilute
Too much water in blood ⬆️💧🩸
Blood too concentrated
Too little water in blood ⬇️💧🩸
Blood too concentrated kidney response
Kidney reabsorbs more water back into blood ⬆️💧and less urine is produced ⬇️ 🟢
Too much water in blood kidney response
Kidney reabsorbs less water back into blood ⬇️💧🩸
- more urine is produced ⬆️🟢
What can the kidney do to do water balance?
Control it by reabsorbing more or less water back in the blood (following filtration) depending on concentration of blood
Two main functions of kidney
- Excretion 🚽
- Osmoregulation ⬆️⬇️💧🩸
Antidiuretic hormone
Controls amount of water reabsorbed back in the blood 💧➡️🩸
