Coordination

Question 1

Why are neurons unable to divide

Answer 1

Permanently in Go phase and also lack centrioles

Question 2

During resting membrane potential conc of K+ and Na+ inside and outside cell

Answer 2

K+ conc 30x greater inside than outside K conc
Na+ conc 10x greater outside than inside in polarized form

Question 3

Diff bw endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 3

Endo
- ductless
- secrete hormones
- through blood
E.g adrenal,pituitary

Exo
- ducted
- secrete enzymes,mucus
- through ducts
E.g sweat, salivary.

Question 4

comparison of nervous and chemical coordination similarities and differences

Answer 4

SIMILARITIES;
>both release messenger chemicals in extracellular spaces of the body
>both are homeostatic
>both function in response to a stimuli

DIFFERENCES;
>3 neurons are basic unit of structure and function in Nervous coordination.
in chemical neurosecretory cells such as in hypothalamus are units of structure and function.
>nervous have immediate effect chemical delayed
>nervous electrical signals that travel within cells and release neurotransmitters
chemical only involves chemical stimulation and target cells are far away
>speed of impulse 100meters/s
chemical is slow
>chemicals produced by neuron endings act where theyre produced e,g acetyl choline produced by nerve endings excites the next neuron
chemical produced by hormone or neurohormone are poured into and transported by blood.

Question 5

what is feedback mechanism

Answer 5

controlling mechanism is itself controlled by the products of reactions its controllingg.

Question 6

cortisol
1) type of hormone and function.
2)site of production
3) how it difers from epinephrine

Answer 6

1. glucocorticoid. response to body stress by regulating metabolism and blood levels.
2. adrenal cortex (where androgens and aldosterone is also made)
3. adrenaline prod in adrenal medulla and is rapid response.

Question 7

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla differences.
their hormones, its types and functions.

Answer 7

ac is the outer region of adrenal gland and produces steroid hormones mainly aldosterone,cortisol and androgens.

i. aldosterone: mineralocorticoid. regulates electrolytes in blood.
ii. cortisol: glucocorticoid. regulates stress by increasing glucose, reduce inflammation,metabolism of biomol.
iii. androgens are precursors to sex hormones like test and oest.

medulla is the inner part of the glands. it produces catecholamines, adrenaline & noradrenaline {or epinephrine/nor}

Question 8

types of receptors(4).
what do each of them detect?

Answer 8

1. mechano(skin: for pressure and eqb. consist of;
   meisenner, baro and pacino.
2. Thermo(skin): hot or cold
3. Photo(eyes): light stimulus. rod or cone cells involved
4. noci is pain

Question 9

what are lacteals

Answer 9

branches of lyph capillaries in the small intestine

Question 10

lymph vessels that carry lymph towards and away from lymph nodes.

Answer 10

afferent and efferent respctvly

Question 11

functions of lymphatic system

Answer 11

1. defense of the body against foreign. [Immunity]
2. absorption of fat globules from vili of intestine.
3. return of extcellular fluid and proteins to the blood.

Question 12

3 lines of defense against pathogen attack and their specificity.

Answer 12

1st and 2nd are nonspecific. 3rd is specific.

first: skin (2 layers), mucus act as barrier.

second: if microbes penetrates.

third: highly specific which relies on antigens as stimulus.
it includes humoral(by B cells) and cell mediated response(by T cells).

Question 13

Forebrain subparts and functions.

Answer 13

1. Cerebrum: largest, many folds.
   Function: ALL SENSES
   Learning, decision making, memory.
2. Thalamus: below cerebrum
   Function: recieve sensory impulses and sends them to limbic system.
3. Limbic System: emotions and drive.
   Divided into 3 parts.

1.Hypothalamus [lower side of thalamus]
Functions for homeostasis, osmo/thermoregulation, sleep cycle, fight or flight, menstrual cycle..
Produces hormones and CONTROLS PITUITARY

2.Amygdala: feelings and emotions e.g pleasure,hate,love,anger,fear

Hippocampus: long term memory

Question 14

Hind brain subparts and functions.

Answer 14

Pons :bridge for impulse conduction.
Influences transition bw sleep and wakefulness

Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of the brain.
Function: behavioral patterns, BODY control and coordination for walking running etc

MEDLULLA OBLANGATA: INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS. HEARTBEAT, SWALLOW SNEEZE COUGH.

Question 15

5 Levels of spinal cord with nerves they occupy

Answer 15

Total 31 segments of spinal cord with 31 pairs of nerves.

Cervical [8 nerves],
thoracic [12],
lumber[5],
sacral regions[5]
Also coccygeal [1]