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Teaching Cert 240 > Conventions > Flashcards

Conventions Flashcards

1
Q

Imperative Sentence

A

A sentence that gives a command or request.

Sit in your chair.

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2
Q

Capitalization

A

the action of starting a word with a capital letter to signify a certain characteristic

The rules of capitalization differ in each language; for example, Spanish does not capitalize the days of the week, whereas English does.

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3
Q

Writing: Conventional Stage

A

Fourth stage of writing (ages 6-7). Demonstrates more control over many aspects of the writing process.

Jane lost her cat named Tabby and it made her sad. She and her friends made sines with Tabby’s pitcher. One of her friends found Tabby and Jane was so happy

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4
Q

Writing: Pre-Conventional Stage

A

First stage of writing (ages 2-5). Child is aware that drawings and prints have specific meaning.

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5
Q

Accusative Case

A

nouns or pronouns that act as an object of a verb or preposition

Accusative pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, them

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6
Q

Compound-Complex Sentence

A

Two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

While we are in town, we should stop at the hardware store, and you can buy a new hammer.

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7
Q

Subject/Verb Agreement

A

Present-tense verbs should match their subjects in number

I run vs. I runs.

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8
Q

Precommunicative Spelling

A

Students use scribble shapes and sometimes letter-like shapes for spelling words but are unable to make the forms

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9
Q

Indefinite Pronoun

A

Pronouns that refer to a non-specific person, place, or thing.

Anyone, Some, All, Nobody, Everything

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10
Q

Possessive Case

A

nouns or pronouns that show ownership

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11
Q

Nominative Case

A

nouns or pronouns that are the subject of the sentence

Nominative pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, they

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12
Q

Coordinating Conjunction

A

connects two clauses

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

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13
Q

Punctuation

A

marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

period

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14
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

Descriptive grammar conventions include grammatical rules and structures as they are spoken or written by everyday speakers.

For example, it is common in Southern dialects to use “y’all” and “ain’t.”

While these contractions may be acceptable and used frequently, they clash with the rules of prescriptive grammar.

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15
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Two independent clauses joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction

Dogs are mammals, but lizards are reptiles.

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16
Q

Phrase

A

a term of two or more words that convey an idea when used together

We were waiting for you.

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17
Q

Exclamatory Sentence

A

A sentence that expresses emotion.

Surprise! We won the game!

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18
Q

Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

A

Pronouns need to match their antecedent (noun) in person, number, and gender.

Mrs. Wilson is my friend. He serves lunch every day. (The pronoun he doesn’t match the gender of Mrs.)

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19
Q

Writing: Transitional Stage

A

Third stage of writing (ages 5-6). Writes a single letter (often the beginning consonant of the word) to represent an entire word or syllable; begins to understand and use basic punctuation

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20
Q

Sentence Purposes

A

The goal of of a sentence, either to express a statement, give a command, ask a question, or show emotion.

Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative, or Exclamatory

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21
Q

Dependent / Subordinate Clause

A

clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction but cannot stand alone as a sentence even though it contains a subject and verb

While we were shopping, she spent her whole paycheck.

22
Q

Etymology

A

the study of the origin and history of words

23
Q

Participle Phrase

A

a phrase that modifies a participle – a term with a verb ending in “-ed” or “-ing” – to serve as an adjective

Tired after a long walk, the dog slept in the corner.

24
Q

Semiphonetic Spelling

A

Students have some letter awareness, but are unable to use all letters in the word.

Spell “play” p-a

25
Q

Conventional Spelling

A

When children know and use most basic spelling rules and spell most words correctly.

26
Q

Passive Voice

A

when the noun performing the action is not the subject; rather the object is the subject

27
Q

Appositive Phrase

A

restates a preceding term by expanding upon it or explaining it in a qualifying statement between two commas

New York City, the largest city in the United States, has a population of around 8.6 million people.

28
Q

Independent / Main Clause

A

clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence

I went shopping last weekend.

29
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

grammar that follows the rules set forth by tradition and formal language

30
Q

Modal

A

verb used to indicate modality (ability, likelihood, permission, capacity, suggestion, etc.)

can, could, may, should, might, must, have to

31
Q

Complex Sentence

A

An independent clause and a dependent clause

Since you’re going to the store, can you buy some milk?

32
Q

Infinitive Phrase

A

Includes that infinitive (to + verb) and the additional words that serve as the object of modifiers in the phrase

I want to eat the candy.

33
Q

Declarative Sentence

A

A sentence that makes a statement or gives an opinion.

I love my job.

34
Q

Think Aloud

A

a teaching strategy in which a teacher states his/her thoughts aloud to demonstrate how the students should go about solving a problem or understanding a text

Math teachers model thinking by reading a problem aloud and verbalizing figuring out what it is asking what needs to be done. Language arts teachers ask themselves questions about the text as they read aloud.

35
Q

Writing: Proficient Stage

A

Fifth stage of writing (ages 7-9). Understands and is able to write for various purposes and audiences

The proficient writer can easy engage and work with the following types of writing: Lists Invitations Letters/emails Narratives Descriptions Expository

36
Q

Modeling

A

an instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a concept or skill and students learn by observing

When a teacher encounters a difficult word in a text, she thinks aloud to model how she can use the context clues to discover the meaning.

37
Q

Writing Conventions

A

The basic rules of written language, including grammar, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.

proper grammar

38
Q

Gerund Phrase

A

a type of appositional phrase that modifies a gerund (or verb+ing) and behaves like a noun

Drinking water when it’s hot outside can prevent you from becoming dehydrated.

39
Q

Subordinating Conjunction

A

a conjunction used at the beginning of a subordinate clause

because, although, even though, since

40
Q

Phonetic Spelling

A

Students spell the way they hear the word pronounced

Spell “made” m-a-d

41
Q

Transitional Spelling

A

Students use some conventional spelling but still misspell many irregular words.

42
Q

Prepositional Phrase

A

a phrase that describes the relationship between a noun and a pronoun or another word in the sentence

She sat in the seat in the middle.

43
Q

Noun Phrase

A

a group of words that act as a noun in a sentence; includes a noun and words that modify the noun

The red car is parked in the driveway.

44
Q

Writing: Emergent Stage

A

Second stage of writing (ages 4-5). Understands that what is said (speech) can be written and that print moves from left to right rather than randomly on a page

45
Q

Simple Sentence

A

A sentence containing one subject and one verb, or one independent clause

The dolphin lives in the ocean.

46
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

questions asked that are not intended to be answered

47
Q

Invented Spelling

A

Child’s attempt to spell based on best judgement

48
Q

Direct Statement

A

quoting someone word for word; will use quotation marks

49
Q

Verb Phrase

A

a type of appositional phrase that modifies a verb

The baby was crawling on the floor.

50
Q

Homophones

A

words that are pronounced the same as another word but have a different meaning and may be spelled differently

carat, carrot, caret: to, too, two

Teaching Cert 240 (6 decks)

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