Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bpk 140 > conventional & complementary medicine > Flashcards

conventional & complementary medicine Flashcards

1
Q

self-assessment

A
  • understanding what symptoms mean & what is going on in your body helps reduce anxiety about symptoms & enables you to practice safe self-care
  • can also monitor your body’s vital signs (temp. & heart rate) & take self-tests for blood pressure/sugar, pregnancy, urinary tract infections, etc.
  • can help you make informed decisions about when to seek medical help
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

symptoms

A
  • often due to immune response rather than pathogens themselves
  • ex; pain & swelling that occur after ankle injury immobilize injured joint to allow healing to take place + fever may be attempt to make body less hospitable to infectious agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

health literacy

A
  • Canadian Public Health Association defines health literacy as ‘skills to enable access, understanding, & use of information for health’
  • making healthy lifestyle choices, finding & interpreting health information, & locating proper health services = important skills for all Canadians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vulnerable populations in terms of health literacy

A
  • seniors, immigrants, & the unemployed
  • related to lack of access to trustworthy information or inability to understand & use that information
  • improving health literacy can enhance quality of life for many Canadians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

evidenced-based medicine

A
  • using best currently available research evidence along with clinical expertise & patient values to make medical/health decisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

‘gold standard’ of evidence

A
  • equated with experimental/scientific method
  • method uses & relies on experiments that assign subjects (animal/human) randomly to intervention group (ex; a new drug) or to control group (does not receive drug)
  • in most studies, researches don’t know which group received intervention & subjects don’t know whirler they received drug or placebo (called ‘double-blind’)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hierarchy of evidence pyramid

A
  • systematic reviews
  • randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
  • non-randomized controlled trials
  • observational studies with comparison/cohort groups
  • case series & case reports =
  • “expert” opinion & background information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

systematic reviews

A
  • meta-analyses or interpretations of RCTs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

randomized controlled-trials (RCT)

A
  • double-blind & controlled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

observational studies with comparison/cohort groups

A
  • two groups are followed regarding identified health parameters (ex; one cohort smokes & another cohort does not)
  • are evaluated at some point for their health status (no form of control)
  • researchers take two groups, like group of breast cancer patients & comparison group with same age, gender, ethnicity, etc. without breast cancer & examine/analyze their health histories to make comparisons draw conclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

case series & case reports

A
  • researcher uses individual cases/collection of medical reports on treatment of an individual patient/number of patients with same issue
  • sometimes critical info. can be gained from case control, case series, & case report studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“expert” opinion & background information

A
  • media outlets, internet sources, public domains, family members, anyone that may represent second/third-hand opinions or interpretations of different forms of evidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

self-medication

A
  • Canada = second-largest per capita consumer of prescription opioids (medications that relieve pain)
  • North America = consumes 80% of world’s opioids
  • more than 100’000 OTC drugs on market (60% of all medications are OTC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most common CAM therapies

A
  • relaxation techniques, herbal medicine, massage, & chiropractor
  • people often use CAM therapies in addition to their conventional medical treatments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

natural health products (NHP)

A
  • In Canada, 73% of Canadians regularly take NHPs
  • vitamins & minerals, herbal remedies, homeopathic medicine, traditional medicines (Chinese medicines), probiotics, etc.
  • NHPs must be safe for use as OTC products & not require a prescription to be sold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

evidence-based practice

A
  • practitioner systematically finds, assesses, & uses most current & valid research findings as basis for health-related decisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

conventional medicine

A
  • standard western medicine
    (differs from various medical systems developed in China, Japan, India, & other parts of world)
  • biomedicine (foundations in biological & physical sciences)
  • based in & relies on scientific medicine → diseases are thought to be caused by identifiable physical factors & characterized by representative set of symptoms
  • western medicine translates scientific method into practice through experimental research process
  • process of drug development is equally rigorous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

scientific explanations characteristics

A
  • empirical → based on evidence of the senses & on objective/systematic observation (often carried out under carefully controlled conditions, must be capable of verification by others)
  • rational → follow rules of logic & are consistent with know facts
  • testable → either are verifiable through direct observation or lead to predictions about what should occur under conditions not yet observed
  • parsimonious → explain phenomena by using fewest number of causes
  • general → have broad explanatory power
  • rigorously evaluated → constantly evaluated for consistency with evidence & known principles, for parsimony & generality
  • tentative → scientists willing to entertain possibility that their explanations are faulty (based on new, better, or connected evidence)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

premises of conventional medicine pt1

A
  • believes disease is caused by identifiable physical factors + identifies cause of disease as pathogens (bacteria & viruses), genetic factors, & unhealthy lifestyles that result in changes at molecular & cellular levels
  • focus is primarily on physical causes of illness rather than mental or spiritual imbalance
  • believes every disease is defined by certain set of symptoms & these symptoms are similar in most patients suffering from the disease
  • treats illnesses as isolated biological disturbances that can occur in human beings
20
Q

premises of conventional medicine pt2

A
  • idea of illness as result of invasion by outside factors = strong orientation toward methods of destroying pathogens or preventing them from causing serious infection
  • implementation of public health measures, drugs, surgery = ways to control pathogens
  • relies heavily on surgery & on advanced medical technology to discover physical cause of disease & to correct, remove, & destroy them
21
Q

pharmaceuticals

A
  • medical drugs (both prescription & OTC)
  • discovery & development of sulfa drugs, antibiotics, & steroids in 20th century + advances in chemistry = possible to identify active ingredients in common plant-derived remedies
  • paved way for current close identification of western medicine with pharmaceuticals
22
Q

MDs & DOs

A
  • medical doctors = independent practitioners who hold a doctor of medicine degree (MD) from accredited medical school
  • doctors of osteopathic medicine = have received undergraduate medical degree but postgraduate training places emphasis on musculoskeletal problems & manipulative therapy
  • MDs & DOs are two types of ‘complete’ physicians in North America (meaning they are trained & licensed to perform surgery & prescribe medication)
  • only osteopathic medical schools in US
23
Q

podiatrists

A
  • practitioners who specialize in medical & surgical care of the feet + length of training similar to that of MDs
24
Q

ophthalmologists, optometrists, & opticians

A
  • ophthalmologists = have MD, followed by specialization in ophthalmology
  • care for all types of eye problems & perform eye surgery
  • optometrists = trained to examine eyes, detect eye diseases, & prescribe corrective lenses
  • must complete at least 3 years of prerequisite college/university courses & 4-5 year university doctor of optometry (OD) degree
  • opticians = specialists in fitting eyeglasses & making lenses to correct vision problems
25
Q

dentists & dental hygienists

A
  • dentists = specialize in prevention & treatment of diseases & injuries of teeth, mouth, & jaws + can perform surgery & prescribe drugs
  • graduates of four year dental schools
  • endodontists (specialists) receive additional education
  • dental hygienists & assistants = trained dental professionals who are granted diplomas from variety of community colleges & programs across country
26
Q

allied health care providers

A
  • healthcare professionals who typically provide services under supervision or control of independent practitioners
27
Q

adverse drug events (ADEs)

A
  • drug-related errors that can occur for several reasons;
  • medication errors = physicians may overprescribe drugs + adverse effects can occur if physician prescribes wrong drug or dangerous combination of drugs
  • off-label drug use = once drug is approved by Health Canada for one purpose, it can legally be prescribed for purposes not listed on label = some prescriptions are made with little/no evidence supporting such use
  • online pharmacies = some sell products & engage in illegal practices (puts consumer at risk for receiving adulterated, expired, ineffective, or counterfeit drugs)
  • costs = Canadians spend about 20 billion on prescription medication (consumers may lower their drug costs by using generic versions of medications, joining drug discount program, or investing reputable mail-order or internet pharmacies)
28
Q

alternative medical systems - domain of CAM practices

A
  • complete systems of theory & practice that have evolved independently of & often long before conventional biomedical approach
  • traditional Chinese medicine, Native American, African, Middle-Eastern, South American medical systems; homeopathy, naturopathy
29
Q

mind body interventions - domain of CAM practices

A
  • variety of techniques designed to make it possible for mind to affect bodily function & symptoms
  • meditation, uses of hypnosis, prayer, mental healing
30
Q

biologically based therapies - domain of CAM practices

A
  • include natural & biologically based practices, interventions, & products
  • herbal, special dietary, orthomolecular therapies
31
Q

manipulative & body-based methods - domain of CAM practices

A
  • include methods based on manipulations & movement of body
  • chiropractic, osteopathy, massage therapy
32
Q

energy therapies - domain of CAM practices

A
  • focus on energy fields within body or from other sources
  • Qi gong, Reiki, therapeutic touch
33
Q

alternative medical systems pt1

A
  • many cultures elaborated complete systems of medical philosophy, theory, & practice long before current biomedical approach was developed
  • western medicine is only about 150 years old
  • some medical systems have been practised for thousands of years
  • medical approaches still used today alongside Western medicine + quite often used by physicians trained in Western medicine
  • 2/3 Canadians use some form of CAM each year
34
Q

alternative medical systems pt2

A
  • most traditional medical systems view disease as disturbance or imbalance of not only physical processes, but also of forces & energies within the body, mind, spirit, & larger environment
  • whole patient (rather than isolated set of symptoms) is treated in most comprehensive alternative medical systems
  • rare that only single treatment approach is used (multiple techniques & methods are commonly employed & continually adjusted according to changes in patient’s health status)
35
Q

traditional Chinese medicine

A
  • based on sophisticated set of techniques/methods & individualized diagnosis, treatment, & preventions
  • no identical disease exists in TCM
  • 2 patients with same diagnosis in Western medicine will get different diagnoses in TCM & will be given different treatments
  • views illness as result of disturbance in flow of qi (‘the life force’)
  • works to restore & balance qi, treats illness while also increasing energy, preventing disease, & supporting immune system
  • TCM practitioners trained at specific TCM-training colleges
36
Q

two primary treatment methods of TCM

A
  • herbal remedies & acupuncture;
  • about 5800 herbal remedies (include plant products, animal parts, & minerals + have yin & yang properties)
  • acupuncture = insertion of thin needles into skin at points along meridians (pathways through which qi is believed to flow) → works to correct disturbances in flow of qi
  • acupressure = art & science of applying physical pressure on certain acupuncture points
37
Q

homeopathy

A
  • alternative medical system of western origin
  • based on two main principles; ‘like cures like’ & remedies become more effective with greater dilution
  • ‘like cures like’ → substance that produces symptoms of illness in healthy person can cure illness when given in small quantity (ex; vaccinations)
  • treats illnesses by giving very small doses of drugs that in larger doses would produce symptoms like those of the illness
  • remains one of most controversial forms of CAM
38
Q

mind-body interventions

A
  • make use of integral connection between mind & body & the effect each can have on the other
  • include stress-management techniques (meditation, yoga, psychotherapy, music, art, dance therapy, hypnosis)
  • hypnosis = process by which practitioner induces state of deep relaxation in which individual is more suggestible; commonly used in cases of pain, phobia, & addiction
  • hypnotherapy is not insured physician service in Canada
39
Q

biological-based therapies

A
  • CAM therapies that include biologically based interventions & substances derived from plant/animal origin (herbal remedies, extracts from animal tissues, dietary supplements)
  • pharmacopoeia = collection of descriptions & formulas for drugs & medicinal preparations
  • pharmacopoeia of modern scientific medicine originated in folk medicine of native peoples & many drugs used today are derived from plants
40
Q

manipulative & body-based methods

A
  • touch & body manipulation = long-standing forms of health care
  • manual healing techniques = based on idea that dysfunction in one part of body can cause pain/dysfunction in another part + correcting these misalignments can bring body back to optimal health
  • chiropractic = system of manual healing used to treat musculoskeletal problems + most common CAM manual healing method
  • primary treatment is manipulation of spine & other joints
41
Q

energy therapies

A
  • forms of CAM treatment that use energy fields originating either within body or from outside sources (electromagnetic fields) to promote health & healing
  • biofield therapies
  • therapeutic touch
  • bioelectromagnetics
  • bioelectromagnetic-based therapies
42
Q

biofield therapies

A
  • based on idea that energy fields surround & penetrate body & can be influenced by movement, touch, pressure, or placement of hands in or through fields
43
Q

therapeutic touch

A
  • derived from ancient techniques of laying-on hands + based on premise that healers can identify & correct energy imbalances by passing their hands over patient’s body
44
Q

bioelectromagnetics

A
  • study of interaction between living organisms & electromagnetic fields, both those produced by organism itself & those produced by outside sources
45
Q

bioelectromagnetic-based therapies

A
  • CAM therapies based on notion that electromagnetic fields can be used to promote healing & manage pain

bpk 140 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions