Conventional and Non-conventional animal feed resources and their anti-nutrient and toxic factors

Question 1

Feeds that are traditionally used materials for feeding livestock. They provide nutrients and energy that animals need for proper growth

Answer 1

Conventional Feed Resources

Question 2

Includes forages, cereal grains, legumes, and oilseeds, and agricultural by-products

Answer 2

Conventional feed resources

Question 3

Example of a roughage that is best and cheapest bulk feed for livestock

Answer 3

Grass

Question 4

Example of a roughage that is a fermented forage; high in moisture content

Answer 4

Silage

Question 5

Example of a roughage that is mainly fibrous materials that are by-products of crop cultivation

Answer 5

Crop residues

Question 6

Feeds with high energy and low fiber content, and typically contain lees than 20% CP

Answer 6

Energy feedstuffs

Question 7

by-product during juice/extract prepared from selected plant material

Answer 7

Molasses

Question 8

Rich in starch with 8-12% CP

Answer 8

Cereal grains

Question 9

Feeds with high protein content either plant or animal origin

Answer 9

Protein sources

Question 10

“Queen of forages” (15-20%cp)

Answer 10

Alfalfa

Question 11

Has 60-70%> cp

Answer 11

Fishmeal

Question 12

Provides a balance of the essential nutrients that are necessary for the health and productivity of livestock

Answer 12

Nutrition value

Question 13

Readily available and often cost-effective choice for farmers

Answer 13

Economic availability

Question 14

Reduces waste through the use of by-products, like wheat bran and rice hulls

Answer 14

Sustainable

Question 15

due to climate conditions and season availability

Answer 15

Resource scarcity

Question 16

leading to shortages and price escalation

Answer 16

Competition with human food supply

Question 17

Practices for intensive cultivation of feed crops, such as over-irrigation and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Answer 17

Environmental impact

Question 18

refers to those feeds that are not traditionally used in animal feeding or are not normally used in commercially produced feeds for livestock.

Answer 18

Non-conventional feed resources

Question 19

• They are organic and can be in a solid, slurry, or liquid form
• NCFR economic value is less than
  Conventional feed resources.

Answer 19

Advantages of Non-Conventional
Feed Resources

Question 20

Non-Conventional Feed Resources:

Answer 20

Banana, cassava, maize, sugar beet pulp, rice gluten meal, sugarcane press mud,

Question 21

Being an _____ ________ ________ is not an inherent property of a
compound, but rather depends on the digestive process of the ingesting animal.

Answer 21

Anti-nutritional factors

Question 22

are compounds produced in natural feed stuffs by species’
normal metabolism and various mechanisms, such as inactivation of some nutrients, reduction of the digestive process, or metabolic utilization of feed, that have effects contrary to optimal nutrition.

Answer 22

Anti-nutritional factors

Question 23

These are ANFs for monogastric animals, do not have negative impacts on ruminants because they are degraded in the rumen.

Answer 23

Trypsin inhibitors

Question 24

Main storage for Phosphorus
EFFECTS: Depresses the utilization of several mineral elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, etc. It also forms insoluble compounds which are eliminated in the feces.

Answer 24

PHYTATES (PHYTIC ACID)

Question 25

Polyphenolic substance EFFECTS: Poor palatability, inhibits proteolytic enzymes and reduces cellulose activity, which affects crude fiber digestion. Thus, it reduces the digestibility of protein and dry matter. It also minimizes methanogenesis.

Answer 25

TANNINS

Question 26

Concentrated in the outer cotyledon mass EFFECTS: Inhibits the proteolytic activity of specific digestive enzymes.

Answer 26

Protease inhibitors

Question 27

Types of protease inhibitors

Answer 27

Kunitz and Bowman-birk

Question 28

inhibits trypsin

Answer 28

kunitz

Question 29

inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin

Answer 29

Bowman-birk

Question 30

Dicarboxylic acid (COOH)2 and is present as free and in salt form. EFFECTS: Negative calcium balance, which may lead to hypocalcemia; crystallization of insoluble oxalate in kidneys and rumen wall

Answer 30

OXALATE (OXALIC ACID)

Question 31

Bitter-tasting glycosides that form in aqueous solution and hemolysis RBC. They can form complexes with sterols, including those found in the plasma membranes of animal cells. EFFECTS: Bloat in ruminants, and formation of foam in the rumen

Answer 31

Saponin

Question 32

cause varied toxic manifestations; can enter the bloodstream and over a period of time cause toxicity to the organs

Answer 32

HYDROLYSABLE TANNINS

Question 33

also prevents the complex formation between iron and gastroferrin. Thus prevents iron absorption.

Answer 33

Phytic acid

Question 34

It causes agglutination red blood cells and interfere with the absorption of nutrients They function by binding to specific sugar molecules on the surface of cells.

Answer 34

LECTINS (PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS)

Question 35

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production. Affected animals rarely survive more than 1-2 hours after consuming lethal quantities of cyanogenic plants and usually die within 5-15 minutes of developing clinical signs of poisoning.

Answer 35

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

Question 36

Forms water-soluble salts by binding to sodium or potassium, as well as water-insoluble salts by binding to calcium, iron or zinc

Answer 36

Oxalates

Question 37

the most traditional method to separate the bran layer from the grains. This removes anti-nutrients

Answer 37

Milling

Question 38

Due to _______, activity of phytase increased, which reduced the phytate component present in the grains.

Answer 38

Soaking

Question 39

activates the phytase enzyme as well as increases acidity. ___________ highly improved the nutritional value of foods by reducing its anti-nutritional (e.g. tannins and trypsin inhibitors) contents

Answer 39

AUTOCLAVE AND COOKING

Question 40

Significantly lowers the content of anti-nutrients such as phytic acid, tannins, and polyphenols of cereals.

Answer 40

Fermentation

Question 41

___________ of seeds generally activates the enzyme phytase, which degrades phytate and leads to decreased phytic acid concentration in the samples.

Answer 41

Germination

Question 42

fungal growth on crops; aflatoxins, ochratoxin, fumonisins; impacts: liver damage, immune suppression and reproductive issues

Answer 42

Mycotoxins

Question 43

lead, cadmium, mercury; contaminate soil and water; impacts: chronic liver and kidney damage

Answer 43

Heavy metal

Question 44

found in potato family (Solanaceae); impacts: mild gastrointestinal effect, neurological problems

Answer 44

Glykoalkaloid

Question 45

formed during industrial process; industrial waste; impacts: carcinogenic and, neurotoxic

Answer 45

Doixins and Polychlorinated biphenyl

Question 46

Glycosides: Found in feeds like cassava leaves and linseed meal, these compounds release cyanide, which can interfere with cellular respiration.

Answer 46

Cyanogenic Glycosides