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Ani Nut Lec > Conventional and Non-conventional animal feed resources and their anti-nutrient and toxic factors > Flashcards

Conventional and Non-conventional animal feed resources and their anti-nutrient and toxic factors Flashcards

1
Q

Feeds that are traditionally used materials for feeding livestock. They provide nutrients and energy that animals need for proper growth

A

Conventional Feed Resources

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2
Q

Includes forages, cereal grains, legumes, and oilseeds, and agricultural by-products

A

Conventional feed resources

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3
Q

Example of a roughage that is best and cheapest bulk feed for livestock

A

Grass

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4
Q

Example of a roughage that is a fermented forage; high in moisture content

A

Silage

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5
Q

Example of a roughage that is mainly fibrous materials that are by-products of crop cultivation

A

Crop residues

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6
Q

Feeds with high energy and low fiber content, and typically contain lees than 20% CP

A

Energy feedstuffs

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7
Q

by-product during juice/extract prepared from selected plant material

A

Molasses

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8
Q

Rich in starch with 8-12% CP

A

Cereal grains

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9
Q

Feeds with high protein content either plant or animal origin

A

Protein sources

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10
Q

“Queen of forages” (15-20%cp)

A

Alfalfa

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11
Q

Has 60-70%> cp

A

Fishmeal

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12
Q

Provides a balance of the essential nutrients that are necessary for the health and productivity of livestock

A

Nutrition value

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13
Q

Readily available and often cost-effective choice for farmers

A

Economic availability

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14
Q

Reduces waste through the use of by-products, like wheat bran and rice hulls

A

Sustainable

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15
Q

due to climate conditions and season availability

A

Resource scarcity

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16
Q

leading to shortages and price escalation

A

Competition with human food supply

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17
Q

Practices for intensive cultivation of feed crops, such as over-irrigation and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

A

Environmental impact

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18
Q

refers to those feeds that are not traditionally used in animal feeding or are not normally used in commercially produced feeds for livestock.

A

Non-conventional feed resources

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19
Q
  • They are organic and can be in a solid, slurry, or liquid form
  • NCFR economic value is less than
    Conventional feed resources.
A

Advantages of Non-Conventional
Feed Resources

20
Q

Non-Conventional Feed Resources:

A

Banana, cassava, maize, sugar beet pulp, rice gluten meal, sugarcane press mud,

21
Q

Being an _____ ________ ________ is not an inherent property of a
compound, but rather depends on the digestive process of the ingesting animal.

A

Anti-nutritional factors

22
Q

are compounds produced in natural feed stuffs by species’
normal metabolism and various mechanisms, such as inactivation of some nutrients, reduction of the digestive process, or metabolic utilization of feed, that have effects contrary to optimal nutrition.

A

Anti-nutritional factors

23
Q

These are ANFs for monogastric animals, do not have negative impacts on ruminants because they are degraded in the rumen.

A

Trypsin inhibitors

24
Q

Main storage for Phosphorus
EFFECTS: Depresses the utilization of several mineral elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, etc. It also forms insoluble compounds which are eliminated in the feces.

A

PHYTATES (PHYTIC ACID)

25
Q

Polyphenolic substance
EFFECTS: Poor palatability, inhibits proteolytic enzymes and reduces cellulose activity, which affects crude fiber digestion. Thus, it reduces the digestibility of protein and dry matter. It also minimizes methanogenesis.

A

TANNINS

26
Q

Concentrated in the outer cotyledon mass
EFFECTS: Inhibits the proteolytic activity of specific digestive enzymes.

A

Protease inhibitors

27
Q

Types of protease inhibitors

A

Kunitz and Bowman-birk

28
Q

inhibits trypsin

A

kunitz

29
Q

inhibits trypsin and
chymotrypsin

A

Bowman-birk

30
Q

Dicarboxylic acid (COOH)2 and is present as free and in
salt form.
EFFECTS: Negative calcium balance, which may lead to hypocalcemia;
crystallization of insoluble oxalate in kidneys and rumen wall

A

OXALATE (OXALIC ACID)

31
Q

Bitter-tasting glycosides that form in aqueous solution
and hemolysis RBC. They can form complexes with sterols, including those found in the plasma membranes of animal cells.
EFFECTS: Bloat in ruminants, and formation of foam in the rumen

A

Saponin

32
Q

cause varied toxic manifestations; can enter the bloodstream and over a period of time cause toxicity to the organs

A

HYDROLYSABLE TANNINS

33
Q

also prevents the complex formation between iron and
gastroferrin. Thus prevents iron absorption.

A

Phytic acid

34
Q

It causes agglutination red blood cells and interfere with the absorption of nutrients
They function by binding to specific sugar molecules on the surface of cells.

A

LECTINS (PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS)

35
Q

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production. Affected animals rarely survive more than 1-2 hours after consuming
lethal quantities of cyanogenic plants and usually die within 5-15 minutes of developing clinical signs of poisoning.

A

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

36
Q

Forms water-soluble salts by binding to sodium or potassium, as well as water-insoluble salts by binding to calcium, iron or zinc

A

Oxalates

37
Q

the most traditional method to separate the bran layer from the grains. This removes anti-nutrients

A

Milling

38
Q

Due to _______, activity of phytase increased, which reduced the phytate component present in the grains.

A

Soaking

39
Q

activates the phytase enzyme as well as increases acidity.
___________ highly improved the nutritional value of foods by reducing its anti-nutritional (e.g. tannins and trypsin inhibitors) contents

A

AUTOCLAVE AND COOKING

40
Q

Significantly lowers the content of anti-nutrients such as phytic acid, tannins, and polyphenols of cereals.

A

Fermentation

41
Q

___________ of seeds generally activates the enzyme phytase, which degrades phytate and leads to decreased phytic acid concentration in the samples.

A

Germination

42
Q

fungal growth on crops; aflatoxins, ochratoxin, fumonisins; impacts: liver damage, immune suppression and reproductive issues

A

Mycotoxins

43
Q

lead, cadmium, mercury; contaminate soil and water; impacts: chronic liver and kidney damage

A

Heavy metal

44
Q

found in potato family (Solanaceae); impacts: mild gastrointestinal effect, neurological problems

A

Glykoalkaloid

45
Q

formed during industrial process; industrial waste;
impacts: carcinogenic and, neurotoxic

A

Doixins and Polychlorinated biphenyl

46
Q

Glycosides: Found in feeds like cassava leaves and linseed meal, these compounds release cyanide, which can interfere with cellular respiration.

A

Cyanogenic Glycosides

Ani Nut Lec (4 decks)

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