Controversy Flashcards
Morrill said that the Civil Wars were “the last of the….
…Wars of Religion” (if you use this quote, make sure you emphasise its controversial nature in that it’s not widely accepted)
Cust and Hughes say that “we do not share the tendency to see…
…religion as a phenomenon hermetically sealed from other aspects of life”
Hughes wrote that “it is impossible to view…
…practical problems in isolation from the framework of ideas within which people understood such problems”
What was the name of RH Tawney’s 1926 work which kicked off the Storm over the Gentry?
Religion and the rise of Capitalism
Morrill said that “it was the force of religion that drove…
…minorities to fight and forced majorities to make reluctant choices”
Hughes writes that “the centre and localities were so inextricably intertwined in English politics that….
…even using separate terms can suggest a polarity that contemporaries did not recognise”
To which school would Somerville and Cogswell belong?
Post-Revisionism
What percentage of Parliamentarian banners featured religious references, as found by Gentles?
72%
In Gentles’ study of military banners, what percentage of Royalist banners featured religious references?
50%
Whose emphasis on religion as a cause has been criticised (maybe even ridiculed) for being too obvious a suggestion?
Morrill
What did Whig historians keep firmly in mind when analysing events of the past?
The present day
What is the teleological approach to history?
Regarding events with the end result in mind- thus moulding view of events to fit the path leading to the outcome
Why do Whig historians see Parliamentarians as the ‘good guys’?
They promoted developments towards constitutional monarchy
Did Whig historians see the war as inevitable?
YES
Which school sees the Civil Wars as the inevitable result of long-standing constitutional conflict between a crown with absolutist tendencies and a House of Commons seeking greater power?
Whig
Name two members key to the Whig view
TB Macauley and SR Gardiner
What was the most influential view in the early 20th century?
Marxist
Which school suggests that Civil War is product of long term social and economic change?
Marxist
What does the Marxist view suggest are the major forces in history?
Social and economic change
What type of revolution does the Marxist view suggest the Civil Wars was?
Bourgeois revolution, by which a country transition from a Feudal to Capitalist system
According to the Marxist view, what was the existing political framework before the Wars unable to accommodate?
Capitalism
What did the individualism that the Marxists claim emerged lead to?
Desire to follow own worship of God
What school of thought did Christopher Hill belong to?
Marxist
Who said “the Civil War was a class war”?
Christopher Hill
Work by whom started the “storm over the gentry”?
RH Tawney
According to RH Tawney, what was happening to the gentry in the build up to the Civil Wars?
They were rising
What was a possible reason for the rising gentry?
The redistribution of land after the dissolution of the monasteries
According to RH Tawney, what happened to the Aristocrats as a result of the rising gentry?
They lost standing and independence
What does RH Tawney suggest caused the Civil War?
Friction between the rising gentry and the aristocrats, who could not accommodate the new class
Who supports RH Tawney’s work (as a disciple)?
Lawrence Stone
What type of evidence is used by Tawney and Stone to support their arguments?
Statistical
Who attacked the work of Tawney and Stone by arguing instead for a declining gentry?
Hugh Trevor-Roper
Which subsection of the gentry did Trevor-Roper argue was declining?
The ‘mere gentry’
What does Trevor-Roper argue that the Civil Wars were?
A protest by the declining gentry
Christopher Hill and Peter Zagorin attacked Trevor-Roper’s argument for two reasons. What were they?
The distinctions in the gentry were too vague.
The link between economic decay and religious non-conformity was too tenuous.
Who delivered a brutal and personal criticism on Tawney and Trevor-Roper?
Hexter
What 2 accusations were made by Hexter about the work of Tawney and Trevor-Roper?
They had subscribed to a narrow-minded economic determinism.
The theories they had produced suggested that the Wars were a deliberate revolution-this didn’t happen.
To what broad outlook can Morrill, Russell, Sharpe, Kishlansky and Everitt be attributed to?
Revisionism
What view do Revisionists take on the idea of the inevitability of the conflict?
Strongly rejected
Which school of thought is sceptical about long term divisions as a an explanation?
Revisionism
Who do revisionists hold responsible for the conflict?
Charles and his avoidable mistakes
In what light do Revisionists view the early Stuart state?
basically sound
According to Revisionists, the problem that caused the Civil Wars was the system of government. True or False?
False- Charles himself was the problem- under James, everything was ok
According to Revisionists, the Stuart church could easily accommodate a variety of religious beliefs and it was only the promotion of Laudianism that was problematic. True or False?
True!
Who proposed a functional breakdown?
Conrad Russell
Who pioneered New British History?
Conrad Russell
What is New British History?
The idea that it is necessary to study all 3 of Charles’ Kingdoms to assess why Civil War broke out, instead of just England
What was John Morrill’s beef?
RELIGION
What were Morrill’s 3 modes of opposition?
Localist, Legal-constitutionalist and Religious
Who claimed the the Civil Wars were the “last of the Wars of Religion”?
John Morrill
Do Post-Revisionists focus on deep rooted causes?
YES
What do Post-Revisionists think about the conflict between National and Local interests?
Bullshit!
Post-Revisionists indicate a wide interest in national affairs
What do Post-Revisionists cite as evidence for widespread interest in National affairs?
Extent of petitioning and lobbying that went on eg Grand Remonstrance and campaigns over episcopacy
Post Revisionists accept the functional breakdown model. True or false?
FALSE- they reject this model
Do Post-Revisionists see the war as inevitable?
NO- they considered recurring serious issues as vital but not causing inevitability- they only made resolution more difficult when conflict eventually emerged for other reasons
Post-Revisionists believe it is a false distinction to separate religious matters from political and constitutional matters. True or false?
True
