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Yr 2 - Cardiology System > Controlling Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Controlling Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for total peripheral resistance?

A

R = resistance to blood flow

L = length of vessel

n = viscosity of blood flow

r = radius of blood vessel

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2
Q

Changing what aspect would have greatest effect on total peripheral resistance?

A

Change in radius

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3
Q

Why does BP need to be autoregulated?

A

Balance between organ perfusion and vascular damage –> driving force propelling blood to tissues

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4
Q

How is the ANS regulated?

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Local (e.g. renal juxtaglomerular apparatus)
  3. Higher senses e.g fear
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5
Q

What are chronotropic effects?

A

Effects that change the heart rate

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6
Q

What is ionotropy?

A

An inotrope is an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.

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7
Q

What is dromotropy?

A

A dromotropic agent is one which affects the conduction speed in the AV node, and subsequently the rate of electrical impulses in the heart.

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8
Q

What is lusitropy?

A

Lusitropy is the rate of myocardial relaxation.

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9
Q

What is a natriuretic peptide?

A

A natriuretic peptide is a peptide which induces natriuresis - the excretion of sodium by the kidneys. Known natriuretic peptides include:

  1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  2. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
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10
Q

What is effect of increased natriuretic peptides?

A

Induce excretion of Na+ in urine –> pee out more water, reduces pressure

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11
Q

When are natriuretic peptides released?

A

When myocytes are mechanically stretched by increased plasma volume (e.g. during heart failure)

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12
Q

What is hypertension defined as?

A

SBP ≥ 140mmHg

DBP ≥ 90mmHg

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13
Q

What are the 2 classifications of hypertension? How common is each?

A
  1. Primary (90% of cases)
  2. Secondary (10% of cases)
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is 1ary hypertension caused by?

A
  • Over-activation of physiological mechanisms
  • Age-related decrease in baroreceptor sensitivity
  • Age-related vascular calcification (reduces compliance)
  • No identifiable cause
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16
Q

What is 2ary hypertension caused by?

A

Related to something else causing high BP

  • Renal –> renovascular disease, parenchymal disease
  • Endocrine –> Conn’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome
  • Cardiovascular –> coarction of aorta
  • Tumour
  • Pregnancy
17
Q

What is effect of hypertension on left ventricle?

A
  1. Left ventricular hypertrophy –> muscular wall builds up
  2. Increased stiffness
  3. Increased LV end diastolic pressure
  4. Increased LA pressure
  5. Pulmonary congestion
  6. Heart failure with preserved EF
18
Q

What is effects of left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Ventricle cannot fill up properly because it is too small and contracts too often/strongly

19
Q

What is Laplace’s Law?

A

For any given LV cavity pressure (P), the wall stress will be directly proportional to the LV cavity size or radius (R) and inversely proportional to the LV thickness (T)

LVH increases LV thickness, reduces LV cavity radius and therefore reduces wall stress

20
Q

What is effect of hypertension on diastolic dysfunction?

A
  1. Impaired relaxation
  2. Increased LV end diastolic pressure
  3. Increase LA pressure
  4. Pulmonary congestion
  5. Heart failure with preserved EF
21
Q

What effect does prolonged hypertension have on vasculature?

A

Vascular remodelling. More prone to atherosclerosis and large vessel structural damage

22
Q

What is eutrophic remodelling and when does it occur? How does this affect blood pressure?

A

Small arteries undergo remodelling due to hypertension which results in an increase in wall thickness and reduction in lumen diameter.

Increased SA:Volume ratio leading to increased diastolic BP

23
Q

What is hypertrophic remodelling? How does this affect blood pressure?

A

Large arteries –> increased wall stiffness but lumen diameter is preserved, leading to increased systolic BP

24
Q

What are complications of hypertension on kidneys?

A
  • Renal arteriole thickening leads to luminal narrowing
  • Resulting ischaemia –> tubular atrophy (waste away) and interstitial fibrosis
  • Damage to glomeruli –> haematoproteinuria (blood + excess protein in urine)
25
Q

Complicatoins of hypertension on the eyes?

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

26
Q

What blood tests can be done to look for hypertension?

A
  • FBC:Hb (viscosity)
  • U&E’s (urea and electrolytes) - renal impairment, hypernatraemia
  • Lipids and glucose
27
Q

How can urinalysis test for hypertension?

A

Haemo/proteinuria

28
Q

What is pharmacological management of hypertension?

A

A: ACEi, ARB

B: Beta-blockers

C: Calcium-channel blockers

D: Diuretics

29
Q

What is effect of diuretics?

A

They work on your kidneys by increasing the amount of salt and water that comes out through your urine. Too much salt can cause extra fluid to build up in your blood vessels, raising your blood pressure. Diuretics lower your blood pressure by flushing salt out of your body, taking this unwanted extra fluid with it.

E.g. Bendroflumethiazide and furosemide

30
Q

What is effect of calcim-channel blockers?

A

Calcium channel blockers are drugs used to lower blood pressure. They work by slowing the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessel walls, which makes it easier for the heart to pump and widens blood vessels

E.g. Amlodipine and Diltiazem

31
Q

What is effect of beta-blockers?

A

Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are medications that reduce your blood pressure. They work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). Beta blockers cause your heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood pressure.

Also reduce renin secretion

32
Q

What is effect of ACE inhibitors on blood pressure?

A

Reduce angiotensin II in body –> reducing vasoconstriction and Na+ and H20 retention

33
Q

What are ARBs and how do they lower blood pressure?

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers –> block actions of angiotensin II

34
Q

How does moxonidine work?

A

Centrally acting to decrease SNS activity

35
Q

How does spironolactone act?

A

Aldosterone antagonist

36
Q

Which drugs are preferred in:

  1. Left ventricular dysfunction (LVSD) / heart failure
  2. Angina
  3. Diabetes
  4. Proteinuria
A
  1. ACEi/A2RB or beta-blocker
  2. Beta-blockers
  3. ACEi/A2RB
  4. ACEi/A2RB
37
Q
A

Yr 2 - Cardiology System (25 decks)

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