Cardiology System Intro Flashcards
What is function of CVS?
- Deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells
- Remove waste products from cells
- Maintain constant internal environment (homeostasis)
What does aorta branch into?
Aorta –> smaller arteries –> smaller arterioles –> capillary beds
What happens at capillary beds?
Gas exchange occurs
How do capillary beds turn into veins?
Capillary bed –> venules –> veins –> superior/inferior vena cava
What are the 2 circulations of the CVS?
- System (to and from body)
- Pulmonary (to and from lungs)
What are the 2 functional parts of CVS?
- Conducting
- Exchange
What forms the conducting part of the CVS?
Vasculature (tubes) –> arteries + veins, away and towards heart
What forms the exchange part of the CVS?
Capillary beds (where diffusion occurs). Link smallest arterioles to smallest venules which forms continuous exchange system
What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle called?
Right atrioventricular valve –> tricuspid valve
Where does right ventricle eject blood into?
Pulmonary trunk
What does right pulmonary trunk divide into?
Right and left pulmonary artery going towards lungs for reoxygenation
What are the pectinate muscles?
Elevations in the atria walls that are important for contraction of atria. Prevents atria from over distending.
What can the heartbeat be divided into?
- Diastole
- Systole
What is the diastole part of the heartbeat?
Atria and ventricles relax and fill with blood
What is the systole part of the heartbeat?
Atria contract (atrial systole) and push blood into ventricles. As atria start to relax, ventricles contract (ventricular systole) and pump blood out of heart.
How many layers of tissue does the heart consist of? What are they?
3
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What is job of epicardium?
Protective layer mostly made of connective tissue
What is job of myocardium?
Muscles of the heart
What is job of endocardium?
Lines the inside of the heart and protects the valves and chambers
How is blood taken back to heart from lungs after reoxygenation?
Via pulmonary veins (to left atrium)
What is the oracle on top of atria?
Extra bit of space to receive extra blood when needed
What is the internal septum?
What is the internal septum?
Prevents blood from mixing by separating right and left atrium (shows atria come from 2 different embryological developments)
What are the Crista terminalis?
Eleveations which separates smooth and rough parts of the atria
What is the fossa ovalis?
Indentation which is important in foetal circulation
What is the coronary sinus?
A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from myocardium. Delivers deoxy blood to right atrium (along with superior and inferior vena cava)
What are the the chordae tendineae (heart strings)?
Fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect papillary muscles to tricuspid valve and mitral valve in heart
When ventricles contract, chords prevent permeation into atria –> holds leaflets taut during ventricular systole so no backflow
What is function of a heart valve?
Allows blood to flow only in one direction through heart
What are the 4 valves in the heart?
- 2 atrioventricular valves
- 2 semilunar valves
What are the 2 AV valves? Where are they? What is their purpose?
- Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
- Tricuspid valve
Between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles). Prevent backflow from ventricles to atria during systole.
What are the SL valves? Where are they?
- Aortic valve
- Pulmonary valve
In arteries leaving the heart
What side are the mitral (bicuspid) and aortic valve on?
Left heart
What side of the heart is the tricuspid and pulmonary valve in?
Right side of heart
What is function of tricuspid valve?
Prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle into right atrium
How many cusps does tricuspid/bicuspid valve have?
Tricuspid –> 3 cusps (anterior, posterior, septal)
Bicuspid –> 2 cusps (anterior, posterior)
How are AV valves anchored to walls of ventricles?
By chordae tendinae
What are the chordinae tendinae attached to?
Papillary muscles
What is the name of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae together? What is their function?
Subvalvular apparatus –> keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. BUT have no effect on opening and closing of valves
What is opening and closing of valves caused by?
Pressure gradient across the valve