Controllers and Positioners

Question 1

The difference between the setpoint in an automatic controller and the steady-state value of the
controlled parameter is called…

A. offset.

B. gain.

C. deadband.

D. feedback.

Answer 1

offset

Question 2

The range of values around the setpoint of a measured variable where no action occurs in an automatic
flow controller is called…

A. deviation.

B. error.

C. deadband.

D. bias.

Answer 2

deadband

Question 3

An automatic flow controller is being used to position a valve in a cooling water system. The
controller develops a flow error signal and then increases the magnitude of the signal to drive the valve
operator.
The factor by which the magnitude of the flow error signal is increased is referred to as…

A. bias.

B. gain.

C. feedback.

D. offset.

Answer 3

gain

Question 4

A typical flow controller uses a/an __________ method of control.

A. open-loop

B. on-off

C. closed-loop

D. external regulating

Answer 4

closed-loop

Question 5

Which one of the following terms is used to describe the delay between a process parameter change
and the sensing of that change by the process controller?

A. Offset

B. Gain

C. Dead time

D. Time constant

Answer 5

Dead time

Question 6

An automatic flow controller is being used to position a valve in a cooling water system. A signal
that is proportional to valve position is received by the controller. This signal is referred to as…

A. gain.

B. bias.

C. feedback.

D. error.

Answer 6

feedback

Question 7

A flow controller has proportional, integral, and derivative control features. Which one of the
following lists the effect on the control features when the controller is switched from the automatic
mode to the manual mode?

A. Only the derivative feature will be lost.

B. Only the integral and derivative features will be lost.

C. All proportional, integral, and derivative features will be lost.

D. All control features will continue to influence the controller output.

Answer 7

All proportional, integral, and derivative features will be lost.

Question 8

Consider a direct-acting proportional flow controller that is maintaining flow rate at a value that is
offset from the controller setpoint. If the controllers gain is increased, the controller’s offset will
__________; and the controller’s proportional band will __________.

A. decrease; decrease

B. decrease; increase

C. increase; decrease

D. increase; increase

Answer 8

decrease; decrease

Question 9

An emergency diesel generator (DG) is operating as the only power source connected to an emergency
bus. The governor of the DG is directly sensing DG __________ and will directly adjust DG
__________ flow to maintain a relatively constant DG frequency.

A. speed; air

B. speed; fuel

C. load; air

D. load; fuel

Answer 9

speed; fuel

Question 10

If the turbine shaft speed signal received by a typical turbine governor control system fails low during
turbine startup, the turbine governor will cause turbine speed to…

A. decrease to a minimum speed setpoint.

B. decrease until the mismatch with demanded turbine speed is nulled.

C. increase until the mismatch with demanded turbine speed is nulled.

D. increase until an upper limit is reached or the turbine trips on overspeed.

Answer 10

increase until an upper limit is reached or the turbine trips on overspeed.

Question 11

A diesel generator (DG) is the only power source connected to an emergency bus. In this alignment,
the governor of the DG directly senses DG __________ and adjusts DG fuel flow to maintain a
relatively constant DG __________.

A. voltage; voltage

B. voltage; frequency

C. speed; voltage

D. speed; frequency

Answer 11

speed; frequency

Question 12

If the turbine shaft speed signal received by a typical turbine governor control system fails high during
turbine startup, the turbine governor will cause turbine speed to…

A. increase until an upper limit is reached or the turbine trips on overspeed.

B. increase until the mismatch with the turbine speed demand signal is nulled.

C. decrease until a lower limit is reached or turbine steam flow is isolated.

D. decrease until the mismatch with the turbine speed demand signal is nulled.

Answer 12

decrease until a lower limit is reached or turbine steam flow is isolated.

Question 13

Refer to the drawing of a pneumatic control system (see figure below).
An increasing steam generator (SG) water level will decrease the SG level control signal and
ultimately reduce the control air pressure applied to the feed control valve.
If the level control signal is manually increased, how will the pneumatic control system affect SG
level?

A. SG level will decrease because the valve positioner will close more, which causes the feed control
valve to close more.

B. SG level will decrease because the valve positioner will open more, which causes the feed control
valve to close more.

C. SG level will increase because the valve positioner will close more, which causes the feed control
valve to open more.

D. SG level will increase because the valve positioner will open more, which causes the feed control
valve to open more.

Answer 13

SG level will increase because the valve positioner will open more, which causes the feed control
valve to open more.

Question 14

Refer to the drawing of a pneumatic control system (see figure below).
An increasing steam generator (SG) water level will decrease the SG level control signal and
ultimately reduce the control air pressure applied to the actuator of the feed control valve.
If the level control signal fails high, the control air pressure to the valve positioner will __________,
which will cause SG water level to __________.

A. decrease; decrease

B. decrease; increase

C. increase; decrease

D. increase; increase

Answer 14

increase; increase

Question 15

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank and level control system (see figure below) that have just
been returned to service following replacement of the drain valve actuator. Unfortunately, the
original direct-acting actuator was mistakenly replaced with a reverse-acting actuator.
Given:
* The drain valve will now fail open if operating air pressure is lost.
* The level control system uses a direct-acting proportional-integral level controller with a
setpoint of 15 feet.
* The level controller receives input from a direct-acting level sensor.
* The level controller is currently in manual control, with an operator maintaining the tank water
level at 14 feet.
* Tank inlet and outlet flow rates are currently equal with the drain valve 50 percent open.
If the level controller is shifted to automatic control, the tank water level will…

A. increase and stabilize at 15 feet.

B. increase and stabilize slightly higher than 15 feet.

C. decrease until the tank nearly empties.

D. increase until the tank overflows.

Answer 15

decrease until the tank nearly empties.

Question 16

Refer to the drawing of a 30-foot water storage tank and its level control system (see figure below).
The level control system has just been returned to service following replacement of the drain valve
actuator. Unfortunately, the original direct-acting actuator was mistakenly replaced with a
reverse-acting actuator.
Given:
* The drain valve will now fail open if air pressure is lost to its actuator.
* The level control system uses a direct-acting level sensor and a direct-acting
proportional-integral level controller with a setpoint of 15 feet.
* The tank water level is stable at 16 feet with the drain valve 50 percent open.
* The level controller is in Manual control.
If the level controller is shifted to Automatic control, the tank water level will…

A. increase until the tank overflows.

B. decrease until the tank almost completely empties.

C. initially increase, and then decrease and stabilize at 15 feet.

D. initially decrease, and then increase and stabilize at 15 feet.

Answer 16

increase until the tank overflows.

Question 17

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with an automatic level control system (see figure below).
The makeup valve will fail closed if its actuator loses air pressure.
Given the following possible combinations of characteristics for the level sensor and controller:

Level Sensor

Controller

1. Direct-Acting Direct-Acting
2. Direct-Acting Reverse-Acting
3. Reverse-Acting Direct-Acting
4. Reverse-Acting Reverse-Acting
   Which of the above combinations will work effectively with the makeup valve in the level control
   system to maintain the desired tank water level?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 4

C. 2 only

D. 2 and 3

Answer 17

2 and 3

Question 18

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
If the temperature transmitter fails high (high temperature output signal), the temperature controller
will position the temperature control valve more __________, causing the actual heat exchanger lube
oil outlet temperature to __________.

A. open; decrease

B. open; increase

C. closed; decrease

D. closed; increase

Answer 18

open; decrease

Question 19

If a typical flow controller is in manual control, the output of the flow controller is determined by the…

A. operator.

B. system feedback.

C. plant computer.

D. flow error signal.

Answer 19

operator

Question 20

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
If the temperature transmitter fails low (low temperature output signal), the temperature controller will
position the temperature control valve in the __________ direction, which causes the actual heat
exchanger lube oil outlet temperature to __________.

A. close; increase

B. close; decrease

C. open; increase

D. open; decrease

Answer 20

close; increase

Question 21

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
Which one of the following describes the type of control used in the lube oil temperature control
system?

A. Open loop, because lube oil temperature feedback is being provided to the controller from the lube
oil temperature transmitter.

B. Open loop, because lube oil temperature is being controlled by positioning a flow control valve in
a separate system.

C. Closed loop, because lube oil temperature feedback is being provided to the controller from the
lube oil temperature transmitter.

D. Closed loop, because lube oil temperature is being controlled by positioning a flow control valve
in a separate system.

Answer 21

Closed loop, because lube oil temperature feedback is being provided to the controller from the
lube oil temperature transmitter.

Question 22

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below). The temperature
control valve is currently 50 percent open.
If the cooling water inlet temperature decreases, the temperature controller will position the
temperature control valve more __________, causing cooling water differential temperature through
the heat exchanger to __________.

A. closed; increase

B. closed; decrease

C. open; increase

D. open; decrease

Answer 22

closed; increase

Question 23

Refer to the drawing of a pressure alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable turns on to actuate an alarm at a system pressure of 100 psig. The bistable has a 5 psig
deadband, or neutral zone.
If current system pressure is 90 psig, which one of the following describes the alarm circuit response
as system pressure slowly increases to 110 psig?

A. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 95 psig.

B. The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will not turn off.

C. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 105 psig.

D. The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will turn off at 105 psig.

Answer 23

The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 105 psig.

Question 24

Refer to the drawing of a pressure alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable turns on to actuate an alarm at a system pressure of 100 psig. The bistable has a 5 psig
deadband, or neutral zone.
If system pressure is currently 90 psig, which one of the following describes the alarm circuit response
as system pressure slowly increases to 110 psig?

A. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 95 psig.

B. The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will not turn off.

C. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 105 psig.

D. The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will turn off at 105 psig.

Answer 24

The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will not turn off.

Question 25

Refer to the drawing of a pressure alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable turns on to actuate an alarm at a system pressure of 100 psig. The bistable has a 5 psig
deadband, or neutral zone.
If system pressure is currently 110 psig, which one of the following describes the alarm circuit
response as system pressure slowly decreases to 90 psig?

A. The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will not turn off.

B. The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will turn off at 95 psig.

C. The alarm is currently actuated and will not turn off.

D. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 95 psig.

Answer 25

The alarm will actuate at 100 psig and will not turn off.

Question 26

Refer to the drawing of four bistable symbols (see figure below).
A temperature controller uses a bistable that turns on to actuate a warning light when the controlled
temperature reaches a low setpoint. The warning light extinguishes immediately after the
temperature increases above the low setpoint.
Which one of the following bistable symbols indicates the characteristics of the bistable?

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3.

D. 4.

Answer 26

1

Question 27

Refer to the drawing of four bistable symbols (see figure below).
A temperature controller uses a bistable that turns on to actuate a warning light when the controlled
temperature reaches a high setpoint. The bistable turns off to extinguish the warning light when the
temperature decreases to 5°F below the high setpoint.
Which one of the following bistable symbols indicates the characteristics of the bistable?

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3.

D. 4.

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Refer to the drawing of a temperature alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable turns on to actuate an alarm at a temperature of 130°F. The bistable has a 5°F deadband,
or neutral zone.
If the current temperature is 150°F, which one of the following describes the alarm circuit response as
temperature slowly decreases to 110°F?

A. The alarm is currently actuated and will not turn off.

B. The alarm will actuate at 130°F and will not turn off.

C. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 125°F.

D. The alarm will actuate at 130°F and will turn off at 125°F.

Answer 28

The alarm will actuate at 130°F and will not turn off.

Question 29

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature controller is a direct-acting proportional controller with a gain of 1.0. Which one of
the following describes the effect of changing the gain to 2.0?

A. Half the temperature deviation from setpoint will produce a given controller output.

B. Twice the temperature deviation from setpoint will produce a given controller output.

C. The temperature control valve will move half as far for a given change in controller output.

D. The temperature control valve will move twice as far for a given change in controller output.

Answer 29

Half the temperature deviation from setpoint will produce a given controller output.

Question 30

A direct-acting proportional controller is being used with a direct-acting transmitter to control the
temperature of lube oil exiting a heat exchanger. The controller’s proportional band is 70°F to 120°F.
Which one of the following will be the controller’s output percentage when the measured lube oil
temperature is 83°F?

A. 13 percent

B. 26 percent

C. 37 percent

D. 74 percent

Answer 30

26 percent

Question 31

A reverse-acting proportional controller is being used with a direct-acting transmitter to control the
temperature of lube oil exiting a heat exchanger. The controller’s proportional band is 70°F to 120°F.
Which one of the following will be the controller’s output percentage when the measured lube oil
temperature is 83°F?

A. 13 percent

B. 26 percent

C. 74 percent

D. 87 percent

Answer 31

74 percent

Question 32

The temperature of the water in a storage tank is monitored by a bistable alarm circuit. If water
temperature decreases to 50°F, a bistable turns on to actuate an alarm indicator. As soon as the water
temperature exceeds 50°F, the bistable turns off to clear the alarm.
Which one of the following bistable symbols indicates the characteristics of the bistable used in the
alarm circuit?

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3.

D. 4.

Answer 32

1

Question 33

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature controller is a direct-acting proportional controller with a gain of 1.0. Which one of
the following describes the effect of changing the gain to 2.0?

A. Increases the range of lube oil temperatures that produces a proportional controller response.

B. Increases the change in valve position resulting from a given change in lube oil temperature.

C. Increases the difference between the controller setpoint and the lube oil temperature at steady-state
conditions.

D. Increases the lube oil temperature deviation from setpoint required to produce a given controller
output.

Answer 33

Increases the change in valve position resulting from a given change in lube oil temperature.

Question 34

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature controller is a direct-acting proportional controller. Which one of the following
describes the effect of changing the controller’s gain from 1.0 to 2.0?

A. Half the change in measured temperature will produce the same change in controller input.

B. Twice the change in measured temperature will produce the same change in controller input.

C. The temperature control valve will move half as far for the same change in controller input.

D. The temperature control valve will move twice as far for the same change in controller input.

Answer 34

The temperature control valve will move twice as far for the same change in controller input.

Question 35

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature controller is a direct-acting proportional-integral controller with a gain of 1.0. A
step increase in lube oil temperature results in an initial controller demand for the temperature control
valve (TCV) to open an additional 10 percent. After the lube oil temperature stabilizes, the final TCV
position is 60 percent open.
If the controller’s gain was 2.0 rather than 1.0, the initial controller demand for the above temperature
transient would be for the TCV to open an additional __________ percent; and the final TCV position
would be __________ percent open.

A. 5; 60

B. 5; less than 60

C. 20; 60

D. 20; more than 60

Answer 35

20; 60

Question 36

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature controller is a direct-acting proportional-integral controller with a gain of 1.0. All
system temperatures are initially stable.
An increase in lube oil temperature causes the controller to open the temperature control valve (TCV)
farther. What would be the effect on the TCV response if the controller gain was 2.0 rather than 1.0?

A. The final TCV position would be half as far from its initial position.

B. The final TCV position would be twice as far from its initial position.

C. The final TCV position would be the same, but the TCV initially would travel a greater distance in
response to the lube oil temperature change.

D. The final TCV position would be the same, but the TCV initially would travel a shorter distance in
response to the lube oil temperature change.

Answer 36

The final TCV position would be the same, but the TCV initially would travel a greater distance in
response to the lube oil temperature change

Question 37

Refer to the drawing of four bistable symbols (see figure below).
A temperature controller uses a bistable that turns on to actuate a warning light when the controlled
temperature reaches a low setpoint. The bistable turns off to extinguish the warning light when the
temperature increases to 5°F above the low setpoint.
Which one of the following bistable symbols indicates the characteristics of the bistable?

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3.

D. 4.

Answer 37

2

Question 38

A direct-acting proportional controller is being used with a direct-acting transmitter to control the
temperature of lube oil exiting a heat exchanger. The controller’s proportional band is 80°F to 130°F.
Which one of the following will be the controller’s output percentage when the measured lube oil
temperature is 92°F?

A. 12 percent

B. 24 percent

C. 38 percent

D. 76 percent

Answer 38

24 percent

Question 39

Refer to the drawing of a temperature alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable turns on to actuate an alarm at a temperature of 130°F. The bistable has a 5°F deadband,
or neutral zone.
If the current temperature is 150°F, which one of the following describes the alarm circuit response as
temperature slowly decreases to 110°F?

A. The alarm is currently actuated and will not turn off.

B. The alarm will actuate at 130°F and will not turn off.

C. The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 125°F.

D. The alarm will actuate at 130°F and will turn off at 125°F.

Answer 39

The alarm is currently actuated and will turn off at 125°F.

Question 40

Refer to the drawing of a pressure alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable turns on to actuate an alarm at a system pressure of 100 psig. The bistable has a 5 psig
deadband, or neutral zone.
If system pressure increases to 105 psig, and subsequently decreases to __________; the status of the
alarm will be __________.

A. 100 psig; off

B. 98 psig; off

C. 94 psig; on

D. 92 psig; off

Answer 40

92 psig; off

Question 41

Refer to the drawing of a pressure alarm circuit (see figure below). The orientation of the bistable
symbol indicates the characteristics of the bistable, as is normal for a control circuit diagram.
The bistable will turn on at a system pressure of 100 psig. The bistable has a 5 psig deadband, or
neutral zone.
If system pressure is currently 98 psig, which one of the following describes the status of the alarm?

A. The alarm is not actuated.

B. The alarm is actuated and will turn off at 95 psig.

C. The alarm is actuated and will turn off at 105 psig.

D. Additional information is needed to determine the status of the alarm.

Answer 41

Additional information is needed to determine the status of the alarm

Question 42

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature control system uses a direct-acting controller and transmitter. The temperature of
the lube oil leaving the heat exchanger is currently stable at 93F.
To be compatible with the controller, the temperature control valve must fail __________ on a loss of
control air pressure; and for the temperature control system to return the lube oil heat exchanger outlet
temperature to 93°F after a large change in lube oil heat loads, the controller must have a/an
__________ characteristic.

A. closed; integral

B. closed; derivative

C. open; integral

D. open; derivative

Answer 42

closed; integral

Question 43

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature controller is a direct-acting proportional-only controller with a gain of 2.0. All
system temperatures are initially stable with the temperature control valve (TCV) 40 percent open.
A sudden increase in the lube oil heat load causes the controller to open the TCV farther. Eventually,
all system temperatures stabilize with the final TCV position at 50 percent open.
If the controller’s gain was 1.5 rather than 2.0 when the increase in lube oil heat load occurred, the
final TCV position would be __________; and the TCV would require __________ time to reach its
final position.

A. the same; less

B. the same; more

C. less than 50 percent open; less

D. more than 50 percent open; more

Answer 43

the same; more

Question 44

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below). The temperature
control system uses a direct-acting transmitter and a direct-acting proportional controller with a 20°F
proportional band.
Given:
* The lube oil temperature controller setpoint is 90F.
* The heat exchanger lube oil outlet temperature is stable at 93F.
* The temperature control valve is 60 percent open.
If the controller’s proportional band is changed to 30°F, the heat exchanger lube oil outlet temperature
will stabilize __________ than 93°F; and the controller output needed to position the temperature
control valve to 60 percent open will be __________.

A. lower; the same

B. lower; greater

C. higher; the same

D. higher; greater

Answer 44

higher; the same

Question 45

An air-operated valve requires 3,600 pounds-force from its diaphragm actuator for proper valve
operation. The diameter of the diaphragm is 12 inches.
Which one of the following is the minimum actuator air pressure needed for proper valve operation?

A. 32 psig

B. 47 psig

C. 81 psig

D. 96 psig

Answer 45

32 psig

Question 46

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
The temperature control system uses a reverse-acting proportional controller and a direct-acting
transmitter. The controller’s proportional band is 80°F to 130°F.
Which one of the following will be the controller’s output percentage when the measured lube oil
temperature is 98°F?

A. 18 percent

B. 32 percent

C. 36 percent

D. 64 percent

Answer 46

64 percent

Question 47

The output pressure of a pneumatic controller is typically insufficient to drive a valve actuator
accurately. To overcome this problem, a pneumatic control system will normally employ a…

A. valve actuating lead/lag unit.

B. pressure regulator.

C. valve positioner.

D. pressure modulator.

Answer 47

valve positioner.

Question 48

Refer to the drawing of a pneumatic control system (see figure below).
The purpose of the valve positioner is to convert…

A. a small control air pressure into a proportionally larger air pressure to adjust valve position.

B. a large control air pressure into a proportionally smaller air pressure to adjust valve position.

C. pneumatic force into mechanical force to adjust valve position.

D. mechanical force into pneumatic force to adjust valve position.

Answer 48

a small control air pressure into a proportionally larger air pressure to adjust valve position.

Question 49

Which one of the following describes a characteristic of pneumatic valve positioners?

A. They provide auto and manual demand signals to valve controllers and valve actuators.

B. They supply air pressure to valve actuators in response to a control signal to regulate valve
position.

C. They can either receive or supply air to/from valve controllers, depending on the direction of valve
travel.

D. They act independently of the valve controller, in order to prevent pressure transients on the valve
actuator diaphragm.

Answer 49

They supply air pressure to valve actuators in response to a control signal to regulate valve
position.

Question 50

An air-operated isolation valve requires 4,800 pounds-force from its diaphragm actuator and 4 inches
of stem travel for proper operation. The valve positioner can supply up to 80 psig of air pressure to
the actuator.
What is the minimum surface area of the actuator diaphragm required for proper valve operation?

A. 15 square inches

B. 60 square inches

C. 120 square inches

D. 240 square inches

Answer 50

60 square inches

Question 51

What is the purpose of a valve positioner in a typical pneumatic valve control system?

A. Convert the valve controller pneumatic output signal into a mechanical force to position the valve.

B. Convert the valve controller pneumatic output signal into an electrical output to position the valve.

C. Compare the valve controller pneumatic output signal to the valve position, and adjust the valve
actuator air supply pressure to position the valve.

D. Compare the valve controller pneumatic output signal to the setpoint error, and adjust the valve
actuator air supply pressure to position the valve.

Answer 51

Compare the valve controller pneumatic output signal to the valve position, and adjust the valve
actuator air supply pressure to position the valve.

Question 52

An air-operated isolation valve requires 3,200 pounds-force from its diaphragm actuator and 4 inches
of stem travel for proper operation. The area of the actuator diaphragm is 80 square inches.
What is the approximate air pressure required for proper valve operation?

A. 10 psig

B. 25 psig

C. 40 psig

D. 55 psig

Answer 52

40 psig

Question 53

An air-operated isolation valve requires 3,600 pounds-force from its diaphragm actuator and 4 inches
of stem travel for proper operation. The valve positioner can supply up to 120 psig of air pressure to
the actuator.
What is the minimum surface area of the actuator diaphragm required for proper valve operation?

A. 30 square inches

B. 60 square inches

C. 90 square inches

D. 120 square inches

Answer 53

30 square inches

Question 54

An air-operated isolation valve requires 2,400 pounds-force applied to the top of the actuator
diaphragm to open. The actuator diaphragm has a surface area of 60 square inches and the valve stem
travels 2 inches from fully open to fully closed.
If control air pressure to the valve actuator begins to increase from 0 psig, which one of the following
is the approximate air pressure required to open the valve?

A. 10 psig

B. 20 psig

C. 30 psig

D. 40 psig

Answer 54

40 psig

Question 55

An air-operated isolation valve requires 3,200 pounds-force from its diaphragm actuator and 4 inches
of stem travel for proper operation. The area of the actuator diaphragm is 160 square inches.
What is the approximate air pressure required for proper valve operation?

A. 20 psig

B. 40 psig

C. 60 psig

D. 80 psig

Answer 55

20 psig

Question 56

An air-operated isolation valve requires 2,800 pounds-force (lbf) from its diaphragm actuator and 4
inches of stem travel for proper operation. The valve positioner can supply up to 117 psig of air
pressure to the actuator.
What is the minimum surface area of the actuator diaphragm required for proper valve operation?

A. 24 square inches

B. 48 square inches

C. 94 square inches

D. 138 square inches

Answer 56

24 square inches

Question 57

Which one of the following describes the operation of a typical pneumatic valve positioner?

A. Compares the valve controller demand signal with actual valve position and sends an error signal
to the valve controller for adjustment of the demand signal.

B. Compares the valve controller automatic and manual setpoints and sends an error signal to the
valve controller to ensure the manual demand signal is tracking the automatic demand signal.

C. Receives a valve position error signal from the valve controller and positions the valve as
necessary to null the valve position error signal.

D. Receives a demand signal from the valve controller and supplies the appropriate air pressure to the
valve actuator to move the valve to the demanded position.

Answer 57

Receives a demand signal from the valve controller and supplies the appropriate air pressure to the
valve actuator to move the valve to the demanded position.

Question 58

An air-operated isolation valve requires 3,600 pounds-force applied to the top of the actuator
diaphragm to open. The actuator diaphragm has a diameter of 9 inches and the valve stem travels 3
inches from fully open to fully closed.
If control air pressure to the valve actuator begins to increase from 0 psig, which one of the following
is the approximate air pressure at which the valve will begin to open?

A. 14 psig

B. 57 psig

C. 81 psig

D. 127 psig

Answer 58

57 psig

Question 59

An air-operated isolation valve requires 2,400 pounds-force applied to the top of the actuator
diaphragm to open. The actuator diaphragm has a diameter of 12 inches.
If control air pressure to the valve actuator begins to increase from 0 psig, which one of the following
is the approximate air pressure at which the valve will begin to open?

A. 21 psig

B. 34 psig

C. 43 psig

D. 64 psig

Answer 59

21 psig

Question 60

Which one of the following describes a characteristic of pneumatic valve positioners?

A. They can provide automatic and manual demand signals to pneumatic controllers and valve
actuators.

B. They can increase or decrease air pressure to valve actuators to obtain the proper valve response.

C. They can either supply or receive air to/from pneumatic controllers, depending on the direction of
valve travel.

D. They can increase air pressure to valve actuators above existing main air header pressure.

Answer 60

They can increase or decrease air pressure to valve actuators to obtain the proper valve response.

Question 61

An air-operated isolation valve requires 3,600 pounds-force applied to the top of the actuator
diaphragm to open. The actuator diaphragm has a diameter of 8 inches.
If control air pressure to the valve actuator begins to increase from 0 psig, which one of the following
is the approximate air pressure at which the valve will begin to open?

A. 32 psig

B. 45 psig

C. 56 psig

D. 72 psig

Answer 61

72 psig

Question 62

An air-operated isolation valve requires 2,400 pounds-force applied to the top of the actuator
diaphragm to open against spring pressure. The actuator diaphragm has a diameter of 12 inches.
If control air pressure to the valve actuator begins to decrease from 100 psig, which one of the
following is the approximate air pressure at which the valve will begin to close?

A. 5 psig

B. 17 psig

C. 21 psig

D. 66 psig

Answer 62

21 psig

Question 63

Refer to the drawing of a flyball-weight mechanical speed governor (see figure below).
In the figure below, the purpose of the spring on the flyball mechanism is to __________ centrifugal
force by driving the flyballs __________.

A. counteract; outward

B. aid; inward

C. counteract; inward

D. aid; outward

Answer 63

counteract; inward

Question 64

A diesel generator is supplying an isolated electrical bus with the governor operating in the
isochronous mode. If a large electrical load is started on the bus, generator frequency will…

A. initially decrease, then increase and stabilize below the initial value.

B. initially decrease, then increase and stabilize at the initial value.

C. initially decrease, then increase and stabilize above the initial value.

D. remain constant during and after the load start.

Answer 64

initially decrease, then increase and stabilize at the initial value.

Question 65

A diesel generator is supplying an isolated electrical bus with the governor operating in the
isochronous mode. If a large electrical bus load trips, generator frequency will…

A. initially increase, then decrease and stabilize below the initial value.

B. initially increase, then decrease and stabilize at the initial value.

C. initially increase, then decrease and stabilize above the initial value.

D. remain constant during and after the load trip.

Answer 65

initially increase, then decrease and stabilize at the initial value.

Question 66

A diesel generator (DG) is supplying an isolated electrical bus with the DG governor operating in the
speed droop mode. Assuming the DG does not trip, if a large electrical bus load trips, bus frequency
will initially…

A. increase, and then decrease and stabilize below the initial value.

B. increase, and then decrease and stabilize above the initial value.

C. decrease, and then increase and stabilize below the initial value.

D. decrease, and then increase and stabilize above the initial value.

Answer 66

increase, and then decrease and stabilize above the initial value.

Question 67

Which one of the following refers to the transfer of controller modes from Automatic to Manual or
Manual to Automatic without causing a system perturbation?

A. A direct transfer

B. A deadband transfer

C. A bumpless transfer

D. An analog-to-digital transfer

Answer 67

A bumpless transfer

Question 68

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with an automatic level control system (see figure below).
Given:
* The drain valve fails open on loss of controller output signal.
* The level sensor is direct-acting.
For proper automatic control of tank water level, the controller must be __________; and the control
loop must be __________.

A. direct-acting; open

B. direct-acting; closed

C. reverse-acting; open

D. reverse-acting; closed

Answer 68

reverse-acting; closed

Question 69

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with an automatic level control system (see figure below).
Given:
* The drain valve fails closed on loss of controller output signal.
* The level sensor is direct-acting.
For proper automatic control of tank water level, the controller must be __________; and the control
loop must be __________.

A. direct-acting; open

B. direct-acting; closed

C. reverse-acting; open

D. reverse-acting; closed

Answer 69

direct-acting; closed

Question 70

The water level in a water storage tank is being controlled by an automatic bistable level controller. If
water level increases to 70 percent, the controller bistable turns on to open a tank drain valve. When
water level decreases to 60 percent, the controller bistable turns off to close the drain valve.
Which one of the following bistable symbols indicates the characteristics of the bistable used in the
level controller?

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3.

D. 4.

Answer 70

4

Question 71

Refer to the valve controller logic diagram (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of inputs will result in the valve receiving an OPEN signal?
INPUTS
1. 2. 3. 4.

A. On Off Off On

B. Off On On Off

C. On Off On Off

D. Off On Off On

Answer 71

Off On On Off

Question 72

The water level in a water storage tank is being controlled by an automatic bistable level controller. If
water level increases to 70 percent, the controller bistable turns off to open a tank drain valve. When
water level decreases to 60 percent, the controller bistable turns on to close the drain valve.
Which one of the following bistable symbols indicates the characteristics of the bistable used in the
level controller?
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.

Answer 72

2

Question 73

Refer to the valve controller logic diagram (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of inputs will result in the valve receiving a CLOSE signal?
INPUTS
1. 2. 3. 4.

A. On On Off Off

B. Off Off On Off

C. On Off Off On

D. On On On Off

Answer 73

Off Off On Off

Question 74

A direct-acting proportional-integral controller receives input from a direct-acting transmitter.
Which one of the following describes the response of the controller, operating in automatic mode, to
an increase in the controlled parameter above the controller setpoint?

A. The controller will develop an output signal that continues to increase until the controlled
parameter equals the controller setpoint, at which time the output signal stops increasing.

B. The controller will develop an output signal that will remain directly proportional to the difference
between the controlled parameter and the controller setpoint.

C. The controller will develop an output signal that continues to increase until the controlled
parameter equals the controller setpoint, at which time the output signal becomes zero.

D. The controller will develop an output signal that will remain directly proportional to the rate of
change of the controlled parameter.

Answer 74

The controller will develop an output signal that continues to increase until the controlled
parameter equals the controller setpoint, at which time the output signal stops increasing.

Question 75

Refer to the valve controller logic diagram (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of inputs will result in the valve receiving an OPEN signal?
INPUTS
1. 2. 3. 4.

A. On Off On On

B. Off On Off Off

C. On Off Off On

D. Off On On Off

Answer 75

Off On Off Off

Question 76

Consider a direct-acting proportional flow controller that is maintaining flow rate at a value that is
offset from the controller’s setpoint. If the controller’s gain is decreased, the controller’s offset will
__________; and the controller’s proportional band will __________.

A. decrease; decrease

B. decrease; increase

C. increase; decrease

D. increase; increase

Answer 76

increase; increase

Question 77

Refer to the logic diagram for a valve controller (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of inputs will result in the valve receiving a CLOSE signal?
INPUTS
1 2 3 4

A. On On On On

B. Off On On On

C. On Off Off Off

D. Off On On Off

Answer 77

Off On On On

Question 78

Refer to the drawing of a lube oil temperature control system (see figure below).
A direct-acting proportional temperature controller is being used to control the heat exchanger lube oil
outlet temperature. When the lube oil outlet temperature matches the controller setpoint of 90°F, the
controller output signal is 50 percent.
Current lube oil outlet temperature is stable at 100°F with the controller output signal at 70 percent.
What is the temperature proportional band for this controller?

A. 90°F to 140°F

B. 90°F to 115°F

C. 65°F to 140°F

D. 65°F to 115°F

Answer 78

65°F to 115°F

Question 79

The level in a condensate collection tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller using
proportional-only control. Initially the tank level is stable, but then the flow into the tank increases
and stabilizes at a higher flow rate.
As tank level increases, the controller positions a drain valve more open than necessary to stabilize the
level. As tank level decreases, the controller positions the drain valve more closed than necessary to
stabilize the level. This cycle is repeated continuously, never reaching a stable tank level or drain
valve position.
The excessive valve positioning described above could be caused by the controller’s gain being too
__________; or by the controller’s proportional band being too __________.

A. low; wide

B. low; narrow

C. high; wide

D. high; narrow

Answer 79

high; narrow

Question 80

A proportional controller is being used to control the water level in a tank. When the tank water level
matches the controller setpoint of 50 percent, the controller output signal is 50 percent.
Tank water level begins to rise and the controller stabilizes the water level at 60 percent, at which time
the controller output signal is 90 percent.
What is the offset for this controller at the 60 percent tank water level?

A. 10 percent

B. 30 percent

C. 40 percent

D. 67 percent

Answer 80

10 percent

Question 81

Refer to the logic diagram for a valve controller (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of inputs will result in the valve receiving an OPEN signal?
INPUTS
1 2 3 4

A. Off On Off Off

B. Off On On Off

C. On Off Off On

D. On Off On On

Answer 81

Off On On Off

Question 82

The water level in a tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller using proportional-only
control as shown in the figure below. Initially the tank level is stable at 50 percent, but then the flow
into the tank increases and stabilizes at a higher flow rate.
As tank level increases, the controller positions the drain valve more open than necessary to stabilize
the level. As tank level decreases, the controller positions the drain valve more closed than necessary
to stabilize the level. This cycle is repeated continuously, never reaching a stable tank level or drain
valve position.
The excessive valve cycling described above can be reduced if the controller’s gain is ____________
or if the controller’s proportional band is ____________.

A. increased; widened

B. increased; narrowed

C. decreased; widened

D. decreased; narrowed

Answer 82

decreased; widened

Question 83

A proportional controller is being used to control the water level in a tank. When the tank water level
matches the controller setpoint of 20 feet, the controller output is 50 percent.
Tank water level is currently stable at 25 feet with the controller output at 75 percent.
What is the tank water level proportional band for this controller?

A. 10 to 30 feet

B. 10 to 40 feet

C. 20 to 30 feet

D. 20 to 40 feet

Answer 83

10 to 30 feet

Question 84

A proportional controller is being used to control the water level in a tank. Initially, the controller
input and output signals are both stable at 50 percent of their full range. If the controller input signal
increases to 60 percent, the controller output signal will increase to 90 percent.
What is the gain for this controller?

A. 0.25

B. 0.5

C. 2.0

D. 4.0

Answer 84

4.0

Question 85

Which one of the following is a characteristic that applies to a proportional-only controller, but not to
a proportional-integral controller?

A. Gain

B. Offset

C. Rate component

D. Bistable component

Answer 85

Offset

Question 86

Refer to the logic diagram for a valve controller (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of flow rate (F), level (L), pressure (P), and temperature (T)
inputs will result in the valve receiving a CLOSE signal? (The options below indicate whether the
parameters are higher or lower than the associated bistable setpoints.)
INPUTS
F L P T

A. Higher Higher Lower Higher

B. Lower Lower Higher Lower

C. Higher Lower Lower Higher

D. Lower Higher Higher Lower

Answer 86

Higher Higher Lower Higher

Question 87

Refer to the logic diagram for a valve controller (see figure below).
Which one of the following combinations of flow rate (F), level (L), pressure (P), and temperature (T)
input conditions will result in the valve receiving a CLOSE signal? (The options below indicate
whether the input values are higher or lower than the associated bistable setpoints.)
INPUT CONDITIONS
F L P T

A. Higher Higher Lower Higher

B. Lower Lower Higher Lower

C. Higher Lower Lower Higher

D. Lower Higher Higher Lower

Answer 87

Lower Lower Higher Lower

Question 88

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with an automatic level control system (see figure below).
The level control system uses a reverse-acting level sensor and a direct-acting controller. The flow
rate of water entering the tank is constant, and within the capacity of the drain valve.
For the level control system to maintain a stable water level in the tank at a value up to 10 percent
above or below the controller’s setpoint, the controller must have a __________ characteristic; and the
drain valve must fail __________ on a loss of air pressure to its actuator.

A. proportional-only; closed

B. proportional-only; open

C proportional-integral; closed

D. proportional-integral; open

Answer 88

proportional-only; open

Question 89

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with an automatic level control system (see figure below).
The level control system has the following characteristics:
* The level sensor is direct-acting.
* The controller is reverse-acting.
* The controller uses proportional control.
* The controller’s setpoint is 12 feet.
* The controller’s proportional band is 6 feet to 18 feet.
* The drain valve will fail open if the actuator loses air pressure.
When the tank water level is 15 feet, the controller’s output will be _____ percent; and the drain valve
will be _____ percent open.

A. 25; 25

B. 25; 75

C. 75; 25

D. 75; 75

Answer 89

25; 75

Question 90

The water level in a tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller and is initially at the
controller setpoint. A drain valve is then opened, causing tank level to decrease. The decreasing
level causes the controller to begin to open a makeup water supply valve. After a few minutes, a new
steady-state tank level below the original level is established, with the supply rate equal to the drain
rate.
The controller in this system uses __________ control.

A. proportional, integral, and derivative

B. proportional and integral only

C. proportional only

D. bistable

Answer 90

proportional only

Question 91

A proportional-derivative controller senses an increase in the controlled parameter above the
controller setpoint. The derivative function causes the controller output signal to…

A. increase until the controlled parameter equals the controller setpoint, at which time the output
signal becomes constant.

B. remain directly proportional to the difference between the controlled parameter and the controller
setpoint.

C. increase until the controlled parameter equals the controller setpoint, at which time the output
signal becomes zero.

D. change at a rate that is directly proportional to the rate of change of the controlled parameter.

Answer 91

change at a rate that is directly proportional to the rate of change of the controlled parameter.

Question 92

In a proportional controller, the term “offset” refers to the difference between the…

A. control point and setpoint.

B. control point and proportional band.

C. deadband and setpoint.

D. deadband and proportional band.

Answer 92

control point and setpoint.

Question 93

The level in a tank is controlled by an automatic control system. Level is initially at its setpoint. A
drain valve is then opened, causing tank level to begin to decrease. The decreasing level causes the
controller to begin to open a makeup supply valve. After a few minutes, with the drain valve still
open, level is again constant at the setpoint.
The controller in this system uses primarily __________ control.

A. integral

B. on-off

C. derivative

D. proportional

Answer 93

integral

Question 94

The level in a tank is controlled by an automatic level controller. Level is initially at 50 percent when
the tank develops a leak. When level decreases to 45 percent the level controller opens a makeup
supply valve. After a few minutes, level is 55 percent and the makeup valve closes. With the leak
still in progress, level continuously oscillates between 45 percent and 55 percent as the makeup valve
opens and closes.
The controller in this system uses primarily __________ control.

A. bistable

B. proportional

C. integral

D. derivative

Answer 94

bistable

Question 95

Which one of the following controller types is designed to control the measured parameter at the
controller setpoint?

A. Integral

B. Proportional

C. On-Off

D. Derivative

Answer 95

Integral

Question 96

The level in a drain collection tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller and is initially
stable at the controller setpoint. Flow rate into the tank increases, causing tank level to increase.
The increasing level causes the controller to throttle open a tank drain valve. After a few minutes, a
new stable tank level above the original level is established, with the drain flow rate equal to the
supply flow rate.
The controller in this system uses __________ control.

A. on-off

B. proportional

C. proportional plus integral

D. proportional plus integral plus derivative

Answer 96

proportional

Question 97

The level in a drain collection tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller and level is
initially at the controller setpoint. Flow rate into the tank causes tank level to increase. The
increasing level causes the controller to fully open a tank drain valve. When level decreases below
the setpoint, the controller closes the drain valve. Tank level continues to be controlled in this
manner within a narrow band above and below the setpoint.
The controller in this system uses __________ control.

A. on-off

B. proportional

C. proportional plus integral

D. proportional plus integral plus derivative

Answer 97

on-off

Question 98

The temperature of the water in a small outside storage tank is controlled by a set of heaters submerged
in the tank. The heaters will energize at a water temperature of 40°F and deenergize at 48°F. When
energized, the heaters produce a constant thermal output.
Which one of the following types of control is used in the heater control circuit to produce these
characteristics?

A. Bistable

B. Proportional

C. Proportional plus integral

D. Proportional plus derivative

Answer 98

Bistable

Question 99

The level in a water collection tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller that positions a
tank drain valve. Tank level is initially stable at the controller setpoint. Then, flow rate into the tank
increases, slowly at first, and then faster until a stable flow rate is attained.
When tank level increases, the controller begins to open the tank drain valve farther. The level
controller output signal increases both as the tank level increases and as the rate of the tank level
change quickens. After a few minutes, a new stable tank level above the original level is established,
with the drain flow rate equal to the supply flow rate.
The controller in this system uses __________ control.

A. proportional only

B. proportional plus integral

C. proportional plus derivative

D. proportional plus integral plus derivative

Answer 99

proportional plus derivative

Question 100

The level in a drain collection tank is being controlled by an automatic level controller, and is initially
stable at the controller setpoint. Flow rate into the tank increases, slowly at first, and then faster until
a stable higher flow rate is attained.
As tank level begins to increase, the level controller slowly opens a tank drain valve. The level
controller output signal increases both as the tank level increases and as the rate of tank level change
quickens. After a few minutes, tank level returns to, and remains at, the original level with the drain
flow rate equal to the supply flow rate.
The controller in this system uses __________ control.

A. proportional only

B. proportional plus derivative only

C. proportional plus integral only

D. proportional plus integral plus derivative

Answer 100

proportional plus integral plus derivative

Question 101

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with a level control system (see figure below). The tank
water level is being automatically controlled at 50 percent by a proportional-integral (PI) controller
that positions the drain valve. Tank water level is currently stable with 500 gpm entering the tank and
the drain valve is 50 percent open.
Tank inlet flow rate suddenly increases to 700 gpm and remains constant. When tank water level
stabilizes, level will be __________; and the drain valve position will be __________.

A. higher than 50 percent; more open

B. higher than 50 percent; the same

C. 50 percent; more open

D. 50 percent; the same

Answer 101

50 percent; more open

Question 102

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with a level control system (see figure below). The tank
water level is being automatically controlled at 50 percent by a proportional-integral (PI) controller
that positions the drain valve. Tank water level is currently stable with 500 gpm entering the tank and
the drain valve is 50 percent open.
The tank suddenly develops a constant 200 gpm leak, while the input flow rate remains constant at 500
gpm. When tank water level stabilizes, level will be __________; and the drain valve position will be
__________.

A. 50 percent; more open

B. 50 percent; more closed

C. lower than 50 percent; more open

D. lower than 50 percent; more closed

Answer 102

50 percent; more closed

Question 103

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with a level control system (see figure below).
The tank water level is being automatically controlled by a proportional-only controller with a setpoint
of 50 percent. Tank water level is currently stable at 50 percent with 500 gpm entering the tank and
the drain valve is 50 percent open.
The tank suddenly develops a 200 gpm leak, while the input flow rate remains constant at 500 gpm.
After the tank water level stabilizes, level will be __________; and the drain valve position will be
__________.

A. 50 percent; more than 50 percent open

B. 50 percent; less than 50 percent open

C. below 50 percent; more than 50 percent open

D. below 50 percent; less than 50 percent open

Answer 103

below 50 percent; less than 50 percent open

Question 104

Refer to the drawing of a water storage tank with a level control system (see figure below).
The tank water level is being automatically controlled by a proportional-only controller with a level
setpoint of 50 percent. Tank water level is currently stable at 50 percent with 500 gpm entering the
tank and the drain valve 50 percent open.
If the tank input flow rate suddenly increases to 700 gpm, then after the tank water level stabilizes, the
water level will be __________ 50 percent; and the drain valve position will be __________ open.

A. equal to; more than 50 percent

B. equal to; 50 percent

C. greater than; more than 50 percent

D. greater than; 50 percent

Answer 104

greater than; more than 50 percent

Question 105

A system pressure controller has the following features:
* The controller output signal is 50 percent when the differential pressure (ΔP) between the
pressure setpoint and the actual system pressure is zero.
* The controller output signal increases linearly with the ΔP.
* The controller output signal is not affected by the rate of change of the ΔP.
* The controller output signal is not affected by the length of time the ΔP exists.
Which one of the following lists the type(s) of control used by the controller described above?

A. Bistable only

B. Proportional only

C. Proportional plus integral

D. Proportional plus derivative

Answer 105

Proportional only

Question 106

An outside water storage tank is equipped with submerged heaters. The heaters energize at minimum
power when water temperature decreases to 48°F. If water temperature continues to decrease, heater
power will increase directly with the temperature deviation from 48°F until maximum power is
reached at 40°F. If water temperature decreases faster than 1°F/min, the heaters will reach maximum
power at a higher water temperature.
Which one of the following types of control is used in the heater control circuit to produce these
characteristics?

A. Proportional only

B. Proportional plus integral

C. Proportional plus derivative

D. Proportional plus integral plus derivative

Answer 106

Proportional plus derivative

Question 107

Refer to the drawing of a flow control valve (see figure below) that is located in the makeup water
supply line to a water storage tank.
The flow control valve is positioned by a level controller that can maintain a stable tank water level
anywhere between 10 percent above and 10 percent below the controller setpoint. The level
controller receives input from a direct-acting level detector.
Which one of the following describes the characteristics of the tank level controller?

A. Direct-acting with proportional only control.

B. Direct-acting with proportional-integral control.

C. Reverse-acting with proportional only control.

D. Reverse-acting with proportional-integral control.

Answer 107

Reverse-acting with proportional only control.

Question 108

An outside water storage tank is equipped with submerged heaters. The heaters energize at minimum
power when water temperature decreases to 48°F. If water temperature continues to decrease, heater
power will increase directly with the temperature deviation from 48°F, regardless of cooldown rate,
until maximum power is reached at 40°F. Different cooldown rates have the same effect on heater
operation. On cold days, the tank water temperature is usually maintained at about 44°F with the
heaters energized at half power.
Which one of the following types of control is used in the heater control circuit to produce these
characteristics?

A. Proportional only

B. Proportional plus integral only

C. Proportional plus derivative only

D. Proportional plus integral plus derivative

Answer 108

Proportional only

Question 109

Refer to the drawing of a flow control valve (see figure below) that is located in the drain line from a
water storage tank.
The flow control valve is positioned by a level controller that can maintain a stable tank water level
anywhere between 10 percent above and 10 percent below the controller setpoint. The level
controller receives input from a direct-acting level detector.
Which one of the following describes the characteristics of the tank level controller?

A. Direct-acting with proportional only control.

B. Direct-acting with proportional plus integral control.

C. Reverse-acting with proportional only control.

D. Reverse-acting with proportional plus integral control.

Answer 109

Direct-acting with proportional only control.

Question 110

Refer to the drawing of a flow control valve (see figure below) located in the makeup water supply line
to a water storage tank.
The flow control valve is positioned by a tank level controller that can maintain a stable water level
anywhere between 10 percent above and 10 percent below the controller setpoint. The tank level
controller receives input from a direct-acting tank level detector.
Which one of the following describes the characteristics of the tank level controller?

A. Direct-acting with proportional only control.

B. Direct-acting with proportional-integral control.

C. Reverse-acting with proportional only control.

D. Reverse-acting with proportional-integral control.

Answer 110

Direct-acting with proportional only control.

Question 111

A reverse-acting proportional controller will be used to maintain level in a water storage tank by
positioning an air-operated makeup water flow control valve. The level controller receives input
from a direct-acting level detector.
Which pair of flow control valves shown below will be compatible with the level controller in the
above application?

A. A and B

B. B and C

C. C and D

D. D and A

Answer 111

B and C

Question 112

Given:
* A direct-acting proportional pneumatic controller will be used to maintain level in a
condensate collection tank by positioning an air-operated flow control valve in the tank’s drain
line.
* The controller’s input will vary directly with tank condensate level.
Which pair of flow control valves shown below will be compatible with the controller in the above
application?

A. A and B

B. B and C

C. C and D

D. D and A

Answer 112

B and C

Question 113

Given:
* A direct-acting proportional pneumatic controller will be used to maintain level in a water
storage tank by positioning an air-operated flow control valve in the tank’s makeup water supply
line.
* The controller’s input will vary directly with tank level.
Which pair of flow control valves shown below will be compatible with the controller in the above
application?

A. A and B

B. B and C

C. C and D

D. D and A

Answer 113

D and A

Question 114

Given:
* A reverse-acting proportional pneumatic controller will be used to maintain level in a water
storage tank by positioning an air-operated flow control valve in the tank’s drain line.
* The controller’s input will vary directly with tank level.
Which pair of flow control valves shown below will be compatible with the controller in the above
application?

A. A and B

B. B and C

C. C and D

D. D and A

Answer 114

D and A

Question 115

What precaution must be observed before transferring a valve controller from the automatic mode to
the manual mode of control?

A. Ensure that a substantial steady-state deviation is established between the automatic and manual
valve controller outputs.

B. Ensure that the automatic and manual valve controller outputs are matched.

C. Ensure that the automatic valve controller output is increasing before transferring to the manual
mode of control.

D. Ensure that the automatic valve controller output is decreasing before transferring to the manual
mode of control.

Answer 115

Ensure that the automatic and manual valve controller outputs are matched.

Question 116

Prior to shifting a valve controller from automatic to manual control, why should the automatic and
manual controller output signals be matched?

A. To ensure the valve will operate in manual control upon demand.

B. To ensure valve position indication is accurate in manual control.

C. To move the valve to the new position prior to the transfer.

D. To prevent a sudden valve repositioning during the transfer.

Answer 116

To prevent a sudden valve repositioning during the transfer.