Controlled CV/Pulm/Metabolic Disease

Question 1

Atherosclerosis

Answer 1

fatty streaks develop in artery and thicken luminal diameter

leads to ischemia (partial blockage) or full blockage (MI)

Question 2

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 2

imbalance of myocardial oxygen demand and supply

Question 3

stable ischemia

Answer 3

result of increased oxygen demand of the heart as seen with exercise- not enough oxygen to heart tissues so chest pain results and decreased work capacity- symptoms lessen with decreased demand on heart

Question 4

unstable ischemia

Answer 4

symptoms are rest during little or no exertional stress and low oxygen demand- precursor to MI!

Question 5

Hypertension

Answer 5

persistent elevation of either systolic or diastolic BP
Systolic: >140 mm Hg
Diastolic: >90 mm Hg

Question 6

Primary hypertension

Answer 6

from sporadic or unknown causes

Question 7

secondary hypertension

Answer 7

from renal disease, stress, drug-induced side effects, sleep apnea, neurologic disorders, etc.,

Question 8

BP is regulated by what two factors?

Answer 8

cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance-
- increased peripheral resistance is most common cause of HTN due to narrowing of peripheral arterioles by plaque build up

Question 9

Diabetes (types)

Answer 9

1-4- type 1- autoimmune type where blood insulin release deficiency from pancreatic beta cells
type 2- elevated blood glucose from increasing insulin resistance- mostly from lifestyle choices

Question 10

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 10

elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides
LDL- under 100
HDL- over 40 (50 for women)
total cholesterol- under 200

Question 11

Pulmonary diseases

Answer 11

COPD and Chronic restrictive pulmonary diseases

Question 12

COPD

Answer 12

diseases including bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
characterized by the abnormal inflammatory lung response that limits the lung’s ability to move air through during inhalation and exhalation

Question 13

chronic emphysema

Answer 13

cough lasting at least 3 months resulting in chronic pulmonary inflammation which leads to damage of bronchial lining and impeded lung function and air flow restriction

Question 14

emphysema

Answer 14

permanent enlargement of airspaces along with necrosis of alveolar walls causing an accumulation of air in lung space

Question 15

asthma

Answer 15

inflammation of increased smooth muscle constriction in lungs in response to various stimuli

Question 16

Interstitial lung disease (Chronic Restrictive LD)

Answer 16

inflammation resulting in lung tissue necrosis and decreased lung volume

Question 17

CVD factors (4)

Answer 17

• buildup of atherosclerotic plaque which leads to necrosis
• vascular remodeling
• luminal stenosis
• inflammation from factors like dyslipidemia and HTN