Controllable Factors

Question 1

Key training principles that lead to improvement in performance?

Answer 1

• Overload
• Progression
• Specificity
• Variety in training

Question 2

Examples of training erros therfore include;

Answer 2

• Overtraining and overreaching
• Not following a plan of gradual loading
• Repeating the same activity even when fatigued
• Not preparing for the specific needs of the activity

Question 3

Stretching and range of movement?

Answer 3

Strecthing has been found to prevent reductions in range of movement with age

Question 4

Best type of stretching?

Answer 4

In general, ballistic (bouncing) stretching can be dangerous, and so
static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching are
the best ways to elongate tissues

Question 5

How can greater muscle mass lead to decreased risk of injury?

Answer 5

Because of greater resistance to tensile loads in particular

must be balanced in agonist / antagonist
pairs as imbalances can lead to injury

Question 6

Contralateral hamstring-quadriceps imbalance of what leads to injury?

Answer 6

greater than 10% is linked to increased injury risk.

Question 7

What is gait asymmetry?

Answer 7

refers to the exact replication of one limb’s movement by the other, with
asymmetry referring to any deviation from symmetry (Exell et al., 2012).

Question 8

Effects of repeating a skill in sport?

Answer 8

optimising it as the

brain’s sub-cortical centres learn to automate it. Done with little conscious thought

Question 9

Why do Kinetic (force) variables tend to vary more than

spatiotemporal ones during sports activities

Answer 9

because the performer applies different forces
to maintain the end determinants (step length
and frequency)

Question 10

What is the main cause of reduction in perfromance?

Answer 10

Fatigue

Question 11

When does fatigue occur?

Answer 11

sustained exercise and is characterised by a

reduction in power output and a decline in performance

Question 12

Three potential sites of fatigue

Answer 12

CNS
Neural transmission in the CNS
Individual Muscle fibres

Question 13

Main source of metabolic fatigue

Answer 13

Running out of fuel - lack of muscle glycogen

Question 14

Other source of metabolic fatigue

Answer 14

Build up of lactate in the muscles - affects binding of calcium to troponin

Question 15

Neuro-muscular fatigue

Answer 15

Decrease in performance due to the CNS preventing muscular contraction

Also reduction in effectiveness of SSC

Question 16

Fatigues effect on SSC

Answer 16

Repeated stretch-shortening cycle exercise induces fatigue that affects force production as there is a reduction in the storage of elastic energy

Question 17

Why leg stiffness may occur?

Answer 17

leg stiffness might occur because the rectus femoris and biceps femoris, both biarticular hip-mobilising muscles, fatigue earlier during running than
the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

Question 18

50km race walkers variables after 30km

Answer 18

Decreased pace but cadence values same.

Question 19

Overreaching

Answer 19

Prolonged state of fatigue, Disappears after a few days to a week.

Question 20

Overtraining

Answer 20

considered a more prolonged state of fatigue (with similar
symptoms), which may take weeks or months to overcome. It results from a lack of
rest.

Question 21

Joint injuries

Answer 21

can involve one or more of bone, cartilage, ligaments and muscle-tendon units

Question 22

Acute injuries

Answer 22

Acute injury is usually the result of a specific impact or traumatic event that occurs in one specific area

Question 23

Chronic injuries

Answer 23

Chronic pain and injury refers to the sort of physical injury, illness, or disease that develops slowly and is persistent and long-lasting