Controllable Factors 2

Question 1

Criteria for selecting running shoes

Answer 1

Performance
Protection
Comfort
Durability
Weight
Price
Taste / Fashion

Question 2

Essential Charecotristics of a running shoe

Answer 2

Attenuation of single/multiple impact forces
Preservation of foot stability
Adequate friction/traction
Provision of different foot strike type
Heat disssipation
Comfort

Question 3

Uppers Structure of a shoe

Answer 3

a compound structure (foam layer-nylon-cotton weave).

Question 4

Midsoles and Wedges

Answer 4

the shock absorption parts of the shoe, made
from closed-cells polymeric foam (EVA) which contain gas or liquid.
Durability: –30% after 500 miles.

Question 5

Outsoles:

Answer 5

durable and abrasion-resistant polyurethane rubbers. Treading
increases the traction, especially under wet conditions.

Question 6

Insole board

Answer 6

A fibre-board that provides the rigid base for the rest of the
shoe (

Question 7

Insole
Heel Counter
Inserts

Answer 7

Insole: This part (polyethylene foam with fabric cover) contributes to the reduction of impact
forces, perspiration absorption and comfort.
 Heel counter: provides rear-foot stability and claimed to prevent excessive pronation (hard
or high heel tabs may cause tendon inflammation).
 Inserts: These help to reduce impact and increase rear-foot stability.

Question 8

What are impact forces related to?

Answer 8

Stress fractures and achillies bursitis

Question 9

Impact force variables?

Answer 9

peak vertical force
time to peak vertical force
peak loading rate
time to peak loading
rate.

Question 10

Which type of runner has greater impact forces?

Answer 10

Vertical impact forces are greater for heel than mid foot and forefoot strikers.

Question 11

Energy absorption in shoe

Answer 11

60% midsole-wedge, 20% outsole, 10% insole, 3% insole board and 2% sock.

Question 12

Heel sole shapes available

Answer 12

Flared, neutral, rounded

Question 13

Differences in bare foot running to with shoes?

Answer 13

barefoot tends to lead to different running techniques than shod (i.e., initial contact is
typically made on the forefoot rather than the heel) but this
in itself could lead to injury because of increased loading on
the calf muscles

Question 14

Why is barefoot running technique beneficial in running?

Answer 14

Increased use of the stretch shortening cycle

Question 15

What is compliance?

Answer 15

The opposite of stiffness

Low compliance = high risk of injury
High compliance = low performance

Question 16

What is resilience?

Answer 16

The amount of energy returned
as a percentage of the amount
of energy absorbed at impact

Question 17

Impact attenuation?

Answer 17

Measurement of reduction of impact forces

Question 18

Running on softer surfaces?

Answer 18

running on surfaces such as sand, grass and trails requires greater metabolic energy expenditure than running on smooth, flat, hard surfaces

Question 19

Why running on sand has greater energy cost?

Answer 19

because of a reduction in elastic energy potentiation, caused partly by an increase in contact time (and thus a longer
delay between the eccentric and concentric actions of the lower limb muscles).

Question 20

Concrete/ asphalt surface

Answer 20

High resilience - good traction

Stiff - low compliance

Question 21

Outdoor surfaces

Answer 21

Good traction and high resilience

Question 22

Synthetic turf

Answer 22

high resilience, low injury risk, good for correct playing characteristics

Question 23

Suggested running surfaces

Answer 23

Grass, dirt paths and wood chips