Control, Punishment and Victims

Question 1

What is meant by situational crime prevention? (Clarke)

Answer 1

Not improving society/ institutions but reducing the opportunities for crime

3 features:
- specific crimes
- managing/ altering immediate environment
- increasing risks, reducing rewards

e.g target hardening, surveillance

Question 2

How situational crime prevention can lead to
displacement

Answer 2

• Does not remove crime, but displaced onto places with softer targets
  1. spatial
  2. temporal (time)
  3. target (victim)
  4. tactical (method)
  5. functional (type)

eval= works to an extent, petty offences, ignores root cause

Question 3

Explain environmental crime prevention, and its link to zero tolerance

Answer 3

Wilson + Kelling, ‘broken windows’ leave unrepaired,
police turn a blind eye
area becomes a magnet for deviants

• instead, zero tollerance, proactively tackle any crime immediately

Question 4

Social and community crime prevention

Answer 4

• aim to remove predisposed conditions that cause them to commit crime (poverty, poor housing, unemployment)

Question 5

Foucault’s view of surveillance

Answer 5

• surveillance more efficient in control compared to sovereign power
• began in prisons, self surveillance to other institutions

eval= surveillance can cause displacement, few are put off by CCTV

Question 6

Synoptic surveillance + surveillant assemblages

Answer 6

• everybody watches everybody, monitor (e.g dashcams, film police)

assemblages:
combining different technologies (face recognition + surveillance)

Question 7

actuarial justice and risk management theories

Answer 7

technology of power, predict and prevent offending (calculations of risk)
- categorise people
- however can cause self fulffilling prophiceys through labelling

Question 8

How punishment can lead to crime reduction (CJS)

Answer 8

Deterrence (discourage)
Rehabilitation (reform)
Incapacitation (remove)

Question 9

How punishment can provide retribution

Answer 9

pay back, society gets revenge for breaching morality

Question 10

Durkheim’s views on justice

Answer 10

uphold social solidarity, reinforce shared values
2 types:
retributive= severe and cruel punishment

restitutive= restore how things were, repair damage

Question 11

Marxist views on punishment (mass incarceration…)

Answer 11

• function is to maintain existing social order
• UK is moving into an era of mass incarceration

Question 12

What is transcarceration

Answer 12

• locked in a system of control
• blur the lines between criminal justice and welfare

Question 13

Positivist victimology

Answer 13

3 factors:
- patterns
- violent crimes
- identify victims

• 13 characteristics (old, female, mentally abnormal)

eval= victim blaiming ‘asking for it’ ignores other factors

Question 14

Critical victimology

Answer 14

structural factors: patriarchy/ poverty

states power to deny victim label: withholds from some, blame them

eval= disregards the role victims play (home not safe enough)

Question 15

patterns in victimology (social demographics: age and ethnicity)

Answer 15

Class: poorest groups
sample 300 homeless, 12x more likely

Age: younger or old

Ethnicity: EM, racially motivated crimes

Gender: males 70% homicide victims, women victims of dv, rape, stalking

Question 16

impact of victimisation

Answer 16

emotional impacts, anxiety, disturbed sleep

indirect victims (witnesses/ friends)

• secondary victimisation: adds to the crime, court treatment to rape victims