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Cardiorespiratory Biology > control of ventilation > Flashcards

control of ventilation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eupnoea

A

normal quiet breathing

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2
Q

hyperpnoea

A

increased ventilation

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3
Q

tachypnoea

A

increased respiratory rate

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4
Q

hyperventilation

A

overventilation (PaCO2 less than normal)

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5
Q

hypocapnia

A

PCO2 less than normal

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6
Q

hypercapnia

A

PCO2 greater than normal

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7
Q

hypoxia

A

PO2 less than normal

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8
Q

hyperoxia

A

PO2 greater than normal

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9
Q

hypoxaemia

A

PO2 less than normal in blood

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10
Q

asphyxia

A

hypoxia and hypercapnia

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11
Q

dyspnoea

A

stressful breathing.

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12
Q

apnoea

A

absence of breathing

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13
Q

what controls ventilation

A

sensors -Chemoreceptors
Lung receptors
Other receptors send input to central controller
central controller - medulla oblongata and pons sends output
effector - respiratory muscles receive output from central controller

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14
Q

pons respiratory centers

A

pneumotaxic center

apneustic center

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15
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group

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16
Q

what kind of neurons are dorsal respiratory group

A

Inspiratory neurons

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17
Q

location of dorsal respiratory group

A

dorsomedial medulla

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18
Q

function of - DRG dorsal respiratory group

A

DRG inspiratory neurons fire inducing muscle contraction and therefore inspiration

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19
Q

what kind of neurons are ventral respiratory group

A

Both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

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20
Q

when does - VRG ventral respiratory group become inactive

A

Both sets remain inactive during quiet breathing

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21
Q

when does ventral respiratory group become active

A

Utilised when demand for ventilation is increased beyond normal (active expiration)

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22
Q

what neurons display pacemaker like activity

A

ventral respiratory group
dorsal respiratory group
pre-bötzinger complex

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23
Q

ventral respiratory group
dorsal respiratory group
pre-bötzinger complex can generate what types of breathing rythms

A
  1. normal breathing (fast, low amplitude)

2. Sighs (slow, large

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24
Q

what modifies the rhythm generated in the medulla

A

modified by neurons in the pons

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25
Q

pneumotaxic centre function

A

sends signals to the DRG that help silence/inhibit the inspiratory neurons

26
Q

apneustic centre function

A

prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off

27
Q

causes of loss of function of the pneumotaxic centre and apneustic centre

A

depressant drugs on the respiratory centres
cord injury
damage to motor nerves (trauma, neurological disease)
muscle diseases e.g. dystrophies
dysfunction of the respiratory apparatus i.e. restriction and obstruction

28
Q

receptors in airways and lungs

A

stretch receptors
irritant receptors
j receptors

29
Q

chemoreceptors

A

peripheral

central

30
Q

stretch receptors function

A

there are nerve endings in the airway smooth muscle which are stimulated by stretch during inspiration

31
Q

where do the impulse of the stretch receptors travel to

A

impulses travel in the vagus nerve to inhibit the inspiratory centre

32
Q

Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

A

there are nerve endings in the airway smooth muscle which are stimulated by stretch during inspiration
the nerve impulses travel in the vagus nerve to inhibit the inspiratory centre

33
Q

irritant receptors

A

nerve endings near the airway epithelial cells which are stimulated by noxious gases, cigarette smoke, dust and cold air

34
Q

where do the impulse of the irritant receptors travel to

A

travel in the vagus nerve causing reflex bronchoconstriction or coughing

35
Q

irritant receptors are involved in

A

asthma attacks

36
Q

j receptors function

A

nerve endings near the capillaries in the alveolar walls called juxtacapillary receptors which are stimulated by pulmonary congestion and oedema

37
Q

where do the impulse of the j receptors travel to

A

travel in the vagus nerve causing reflex apnoea or rapid shallow breathing

38
Q

irritant receptors are involved in

A

in the rapid shallow breathing and dyspnoea of pulmonary congestion and oedema

39
Q

chemoreceptors

A

Specialised cells that respond to changes in the chemical composition of the blood or other fluid

40
Q

location of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Located near the heart in the
carotid bodies - at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries
aortic bodies - above and below the aortic arch

41
Q

where do the impulses and info of peripheral chemoreceptors travel to

A

is carried via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the dorsal respiratory group

42
Q

what does peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

A

increased arterial CO conc
decrease in pH
decrease arterial O2 levels

43
Q

how does peripheral chemoreceptors correct the response made

A

send glossopharyngeal nerve to dorsal respiratory group - induce muscle contraction for inspiration
inc. ventilation

44
Q

location of central chemoreceptors

A

medulla separate from the respiratory centres

45
Q

what stimulates central chemoreceptors

A

by an increase in brain extracellular fluid PCO2 and H+ but not by a decrease in PO2

46
Q

what is central chemoreceptors responsible for

A

responsible for 80% of the ventilatory response to increased PaCO2

47
Q

what is the central chemoreceptors response to arterial blood H+ like and why

A

poor response to arterial blood H+ because of the blood-brain barrier

48
Q

what chemoreceptor responds to all of the decreased PaO2

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

49
Q

what is responsible for most the of the response to increased arterial blood H+

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

50
Q

how can we measure ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia

A

changing the PaO2 and PaCO2 by inhaling hypoxic and hypercapnic gas mixtures

51
Q

when a graph is drawn to indicate the relationship between ventilation and PaCO2 what do we expect to see

A

steep upward graph at 30 PaCO2

52
Q

what does the graph steep line with ventilation and PaCO2 indicate

A

ventilation is sensitive to a very small change in PaCO2

53
Q

what does hypocapnia cause

A

increased neuromuscular excitability and tetany

54
Q

what does hypercapnia cause

A

depression of the nervous system and coma

55
Q

anaemic

A

the PaO2 is normal but the O2 content is < normal

56
Q

stagnant hypoxia

A

the PaO2 and O2 content are normal but O2 delivery to the tissues is reduced due to decreased blood flow

57
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

the PaO2, O2 content and delivery are normal but the tissues cannot use the O2 due to metabolic poisoning e.g. cyanide poisoning

58
Q

respiratory disorders are due to

A

decreased ventilation
decreased alveolocapillary diffusion
decreased transport

59
Q

respiratory disorders caused by decreased ventilation

A

neurological damage, muscular disorders, obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases etc

60
Q

respiratory disorders causes by decreased alveolocapillary diffusion

A

emphysema, oedema, fibrosis, atelectasis

61
Q

respiratory disorders causes by decreased transport

A

anaemia, carbon monoxide poisoning

Cardiorespiratory Biology (25 decks)

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