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Cardiorespiratory Biology > Cardiac Output 1 > Flashcards

Cardiac Output 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood ejected from a ventricle per minute (L/m)

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2
Q

what is the cardiac output a product of and is therefore controlled by?

A

stroke volume and heart rate

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3
Q

typical stroke volume

A

~70ml

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4
Q

typical heart rate

A

~70

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5
Q

typical cardiac output

A

~5L/m

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6
Q

what regulates the cardiac output

A

autonomic nervous system - sympathetic
parasympathetic
barosympathetic

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7
Q

what intrinsically regulates the cardiomyocytes

A

frank starling law of the heart

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8
Q

name 4 things ANS controls

A 
blood pressure
temperature 
digestion
reproductive function 
(all regarding homeostasis)
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9
Q

what segments of the spinal chord does the Sympathetic Nervous System contain

A

thoraco-lumbar

Segments T1-L2

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10
Q

what segments of the spinal chord does the Parasympathetic Nervous System contain

A

cranio-sacral

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X sacral segments 2,3,4

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11
Q

SNS primarily acts via…

A

catecholamines

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12
Q

how does the SNS change cardiac output

A

increase heart rate
stroke volume
increase blood pressure

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13
Q

what hormones are released from SNS and where

A

noradrenaline - from nerve endings
adrenaline - from adrenal gland
sweating/pilorecetion but ACh

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14
Q

SNS action is mediated by …

A

the α- and β-adrenoceptors

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15
Q

the most important adrenoreceptor for the heart is

A

β1 -adrenoceptor

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16
Q

what particular adrenoreceptors play a role in heart

A

a1

B2

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17
Q

where are the adrenoreceptors B1, B2, a1 in the heart

A

SA node
AV node
atria and ventricle

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18
Q

what type of receptor is B-adrenoreceptor and what is it linked to.
This leads to the increase of what

A

G protein couple receptors adenylate cyclase

increase of cAMP which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA)

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19
Q

Depolarising current in SA node comes from what channel

A

Na+/K+

HCN channels

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20
Q

HCN

A

hyperpolarisation-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated

– current through this is increased by the binding of cAMP

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21
Q

Adrenergic Action of the Heart

A

• The β-adrenoceptor is a G-protein couple receptor linked to adenylate cyclase
– increases cAMP which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA)
• The main depolarising current in the SA node comes from the Na+/K+ HCN
– current through this is increased by the binding of cAMP
• In the myocytes (atria and ventricles) cAMP/PKA increases the entry of Ca2+ into cells
– this increases the force of contraction

22
Q

Cardiac contraction

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin on actin
allows myosin to interact
Ca2+ comes from outside of cardiomyocytes

23
Q

categories of acetylcholine

A

muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors

24
Q

PNS acts via

A

acetylcholine

25
Q

where are nicotonic cholinergic receptors found

A

– nicotinic are ion channels found in nerves and skeletal muscle

26
Q

muscarinic cholinergic receptors are found

A

G - protein coupled receptors

27
Q

how is PNS innervated to the heart

A

via the vagus nerve

– cranial nerve X (CNX)

28
Q

maine cholinergic receptor in the heart

A

M2

29
Q

What does the vagus cranial nerve innervate

A

SA node
AV node
parts of the atria

30
Q

function of M2 receptor

A

r inhibits adenylate cyclase

– and so the amount of cAMP

31
Q

how does the M2 receptor inhibiting adenylate cyclase affect the SA node

A

, this decreases the Na+ influx and so the rate of depolarisation
– it decreases the rate of SA node firing and so heart rate has small effect on force atrial contraction but none on ventricle

32
Q

tachycardia is a sign of

A

sympathetic activation

caused by exercise, anxiety

33
Q

how do Beta blockers change cardiac output

A

drop heart rate from 70 to 60bpm

34
Q

what is the intrinsic rate of SA node but what gives the heart its normal 70bpm

A

The intrinsic rate of the SA node is about 100 bpm, it is vagal
stimulation that gives the “normal” 70 bpm

35
Q

cardiac output is intrinsically tied to …

A

blood pressure

more blood in system -> higher pressure

36
Q

how to calculate mean arterial pressure

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

37
Q

control of blood pressure is managed by

A

regulating cardiac output via the autonomic nervous system

38
Q

what type of loop is baroreceptor reflex

A

negative feedback loop

sensory afferents -> central processing- > effector efferents

39
Q

what do sensory fibres detect and where are they located

A

detect stretch
located in aortic arch
carotid sinus
firing is proportional to stretch

40
Q

where do the signals from the sensory fibres in the aortic arch and carotid sinus go to?

A

brain stem

– the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the medulla oblongata

41
Q

what does the medulla regulate

A

SNS/PNS outflow of the heart
drop in pressure - increase SNS and cardiac output
rise in pressure - increase PNS and decrease cardiac output

42
Q

exercise is related to what Nervous System

A

increase SNS activity

43
Q

cardiac out put changes in exercise

A

increase heartrate

increase cardiac output

44
Q

how does the systolic pressure change

A

drastic increase

45
Q

how does the mean arterial pressure change

A

slight increase

46
Q

how does the diastolic pressure change

A

slight decrease

47
Q

how does the cardiac output change

A

drastic increase

48
Q

how does the peripheral resistance change

A

drastic decrease

49
Q

why can’t heart rate increase above 200 bpm

A

length of action potential

high rates = decreased perfusion as it occurs in diastole

49
Q

why can’t heart rate increase above 200 bpm

A

length of action potential

high rates = decreased perfusion as it occurs in diastole

Cardiorespiratory Biology (25 decks)

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