Control Of The Excretory System

Question 1

Explain the process of ADH regulation?

Answer 1

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense Na conc in blood
Nerve endings of the osmoreceptors located in the posterior pituritary glands which secrete ADH
ADH travel to the collecting duct, bind with the membrane that cause aquaporins to enter the collecting duct to retain more water

Question 2

What are some examples of some GFR regulators?

Answer 2

Intrinsic: - renal autoreg
- myogenic mech (less stretch dilation, more stretch constrict)
- tubuloglom feedback mech
(Increased NaCl siganls afferent constrict)
Extrinsic:
- neural (symp, afferent constrict, renin secrete)
- hormonal (Atrial natriuretic pep, atrial distension, relax of afferent and inhib renin)

Question 3

How does the systemic blood pressure affect the renal system?

Answer 3

Lower BP, decreased stretch of SM, dilation which increases GFR
Lower GFR, lower NaCl reab in descending limb, renin-angiotensin model, increases GFR or increases BP
Inhib barorecep, SNS act constrict and increases BP

Question 4

What nerve is the kidney interested by?

Answer 4

The pelvic nerve (S2)

Question 5

Which nerve innervates the external sphincter?

Answer 5

The pudendal nerve (para)

Question 6

Which nerve interested the internal anal sphincter?

Answer 6

The pelvic nerve (para)

Question 7

What innervates the process of peristalsis?

Answer 7

The local intrinsic nerves (enteric nerves in the wall of the GI tract, especially the myenteric plexus

Question 8

Describe the defamation reflex?

Answer 8

Parasymp innervation to the internal anal sphincter
Relaxation of the internal sphincter and concomitant contraction of outer sphincter
Defecation only occurs after voluntary relax of the external sphincter via the pundendal nerve

Question 9

What responses occur after parasympathetic activation?

Answer 9

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation

Question 10

What are the different types of neurotransmitters in the PNS?

Answer 10

Somatic: start in the CNS, enter the PNS (myelinated) and produces ACh usually skeletal
ANS symp: short pre, ganglion, long pre produces NA (on SM, cardiac or glands)
ANS para: long pre, ganglion, short post produces ACh on same as above
Symp: cholinergic and adrenergic
Para: all cholinergic

Question 11

What are the innervation am of the excretory system?

Answer 11

Symp: Spinal cord L1/L2 to the rectum and bladder (lumbar)
Para: S2/3/4, to the rectum, bladder, SI and LI

Question 12

Which adr receps are in the kidneys?

Answer 12

B2