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animal genetics and reproduction physiology > control of reproduction in the female > Flashcards

control of reproduction in the female Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when does puberty start?

A

It has many definitions:

age at the first heat
age at the first ovulation

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2
Q

what is the Oestrous cycle?

A

the series of recurring reproductive events - controlled by reproductive hormones

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3
Q

what is the oestrus phase in the oestrous cycle?

A

the period of sexual receptivity, also known as heat

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4
Q

what are the different types of cyclicity ?

A

polyoestrus

seasonally polyoestrus

monoestrus

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5
Q

what does polyoestrus mean?

A

regular oestrous cycles throughout the year

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6
Q

what does seasonally polyoestrus mean?

A

regular oestrous cycles in certain seasons of the year

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7
Q

what does monoestrus mean?

A

one oestrous cycle in certain seasons of the year

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8
Q

what does anoestrus mean?

A

it is the period without cyclicity

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9
Q

when can anoestrus occur?

A

seasonally

during gestation

during lactation

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10
Q

what is the oestrous cycle split into?

A

oestrus:
sexually receptive
oestrogen (E2)

dioestrus:
not sexually receptive
progesterone (P4)

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11
Q

how long does each oestrous cycle last?

A

cow, sow, mare = 21 days

ewe = 17 days

queen = 20 - 40 days variable

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12
Q

when does the oestrus part of the oestrous cycle begin?

A

cow and sow = day 20

ewe = day 16

mare = day 18

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13
Q

what are the 2 phases of the oestrous cycle?

A

follicular

luteal

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14
Q

what is the follicular phase?

A

occurs after luteolysis
follicle development
hormones involved = FSH + LH = increase oestrogen
in the oestrus phase

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15
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A

after ovulation
active corpus luteum
hormones involved = P4
during dioestrus phase

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16
Q

what are the physiological changes in the oestrous cycle?

A

endocrine

genital tract

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17
Q

what are the behavioural changes during the oestrous cycle?

A

oestrus vs dioestrus

18
Q

what is responsible for endocrine system changes?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

19
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

20
Q

what is the pituitary gland responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinising hormone (LH)

21
Q

what is the ovary responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

oestrogens (oestradiol 17B)

progesterone

22
Q

what is the uterus responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a)

prostaglandin E2 (PGFE2)

23
Q

how does the pineal gland effect endocrine changes?

A

detects changes in daylight

produces melatonin during hours of darkness

Short days (autumn/ winter) = high melatonin

Long days (spring/ summer) = low melatonin

24
Q

what occurs during short days?

A

short days = high melatonin - feeds back to hypothalamus

long day breeders = inhibits HPG axis

short day breeders = excites HPG axis
causing increase in GnRH

25
Q

what occurs during long days?

A

long days = low melatonin - feeds back to the hypothalamus

long day breeders = excites HPG axis
causing an increase in GnRH

short day breeders = inhibits HPG axis

26
Q

what is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH) responsible for?

A

acts on the anterior pituitary, causing physiological effects
small amount of GnRH goes to the central nervous system:
causing a behavioural effect

secreted from the hypothalamus

27
Q

what is the episodic release of GnRH and reproductive hormone?

A

during tonic (basal) secretions:
small pulses
frequent and consistent (hours)
causing low oestrogen in a negative feedback loop and high progesterone

during the preovulatory surge:
low progesterone and high oestrogen in a positive feedback loop.

28
Q

what is the purpose of FSH?

A

drives follicle development

controlled by GnRH = increase FSH
progesterone = decrease FSH
acts on granulosa cells

29
Q

what is the purpose of LH?

A

drives follicle development and oestrogen secretion

cause theca cell activity

causes ovulation and subsequent CL formation

controlled by:

increase GnRH = increase LH

increase oestrogen = increase LH

progesterone = decrease in LH

30
Q

what occurs prior to ovulaiton?

A

increase in GnRH

decrease in progesterone

increase in oestrogen

1 large LH pre-ovulatory peak

oestrus ends a day after ovulation

31
Q

what causes ovulation?

A

most mammals experience a short peak

the mare experiences a prolonged peak
peak = day after ovulation
oestrus ends 2 days after ovulation (D2)

32
Q

purpose of oestrogen ( oestradiol) (E2)

A

drives oestrus
control increase of FSH and LH

positive feedback to increase LH

negative feedback to decrease FSH

secreted by large follicles

33
Q

purpose of progesterone?

A

acts to prepare for pregnancy

therefore inhibits the HPG axis

reduces LH and FSH

if pregnant, then CL and P4 remain

it plateaus during the luteal phase to allow the oestrus phase.

34
Q

what occurs if the woman is not pregnant?

A

there will be a reduction in progesterone

the removal will result in an increase in FSH

causing the oestrogen to increase at the start of the next oestrus phase

LH will then increase to induce ovulation

to knock out the corpus luteum need a luteolytic agent - PGF2a.

35
Q

what is the purpose of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a)

A

causes luteolysis at the corpus luteum

ends the luteal phase

reduces progesterone
ends inhibition of the HPG axis

allows ovulation and the oestrus phase to occur

36
Q

when does the prostaglandin increase?

A

21D cycle = D14/15
17D cycle = D13

37
Q

what are the changes that occur during dioestrus?

A

prepare for implantation and pregnancy
protect

38
Q

what are the changes that occur during oestrus?

A

allow passage of penis

encourage the movement of sperm to ovulated ova/ovum

39
Q

what occurs during the dioestrus phase, under the influence of progesterone?

A

the cervix is tight, white and dry

the uterine wall is thickened
epithelium proliferates, cuboidal

increase in endometrial gland activity = fluid in uterus

increase tone

40
Q

what are the genital tract changes?

A

vulva swells, reddening

the cervix becomes loose, red/pink/ moist

the uterus gets thinner walls
epithelial cells columnar
reduced endometrial gland activity = no fluid in the uterus
flacci
myometrial contractions

41
Q

what are the behavioural changes?

A

dioestrus = hostility to male

oestrus:
increased locomotion
docility
acceptance of male
urination stance
raised tail
mounting activity

mare = lengthening and eversion of vulva clitoris winking

quee = lordosis and vocalisation

animal genetics and reproduction physiology (5 decks)

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