Control of Movement Pt. II Flashcards
Three types of proprioceptor
slow lower of arm (MS1)
abrupt arm drop (MS1 with fast MS2 firing)
weight in hand (abrupt MS1/MS2 and increased baseline of GTO) therefore Golgi Tendon Organ forcstretch
premotor cortex lesions
Patient with premotor lesions can learn to make spatially cued, but not arbitrarily cued hand movements (e.g. red = move left, green = move right)
prob with executive control (goal setting)
TOTE mechanism
Furnace. Cycle through turning it on and off until you get to the test point and you test it and it’s at the goal temp so stop the behaviour all together
lateral group
The corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
ventromedial group
The vestibulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, and the ventral corticospinal tract.
corticospinal tract
The system of axons that originate in the motor cortex and terminates in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord.
pyramidal tract
The portion of the corticospinal tract on the ventral border of the medulla.
lateral corticospinal tract
The system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the contralateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the distal limbs
ventral corticospinal tract
The system of axons that originate in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsilateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movement of the upper legs and trunk.
corticobulbar tract
A bundle of axons from the motor cortex to the fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles
corticorubral tract
The system of axons that travels from the motor cortex to the red nucleus
rubrospinal tract
The system of axons that travel from the red nucleus to the spinal cord; controls independent limb movements.
vestibulospinal tract
A bundle of axons that travel from the vestibular nuclei to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls postural movements in response to information form the vestibular system.
tectospinal tract
A bundle of axons that travels from the tectum to the spinal cord; coordinates head and trunk movements with eye movements.
reticulospinal tract
A bundle of axons that travels from the reticular formation to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls the muscles responsible for postural movements.
Apraxia
Difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or muscular weakness.
Hemiparesis
paralysis of the contralateral limbs due to precentral cortical injury - distal joints and fine movements are most affected.
Spasticity
Stiff or rigid muscles with exaggerate deep tendon reflexe. Caused by damage to upper motoneurons that normally inhibit spinal reflexes.
left parietal apraxia
An apraxia caused by damage to the left parietal lobe; characterized by difficulty in producing sequences of movements by verbal request or in imitation of movements made by someone else.
constructional apraxia
Difficulty in drawing pictures or diagrams or in making geometrical constructions of elements such as building blocks or sticks; caused by damage to the right parietal lobe.
caudate nucleus
A forebrain nucleus, one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia – receives excitatory input from cortex input and substantia nigra, involved with the control of voluntary movement.
putamen
Another of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; receives excitation from cortex and inhibitory input from substantia nigra. Involved with the control of voluntary movement.
globus pallidus
The primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia; involved with the control of voluntary movement. Has both an internal and external component. The internal portion is involved in the “direct pathway” which has a net excitatory effect on movement
The external portion is involved in the “indirect pathway” which has a net inhibitory effect on movement.
Thalamic Nucleus
Thalamic nuclei that receive projections from the basal ganglia and send projections to the motor cortex.
Relays in a reafferent loop from cortex to basal ganglia to thalamus to cortex again
direct pathway (in basal ganglia)
The pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the external division of the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an inhibitory effect on movement.
indirect pathway (in basal ganglia)
The pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an excitatory effect on movement.
Huntington’s disease
A fatal inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen; characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, and dementia.
flocculonodular lobe
A region of the cerebellum; involved in control of postural reflexes.
vermis
The portion of the cerebellum located at the midline; receives somatosensory information and helps to control the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts through its connections with the fastigial nucleus.
