Control of Movement Pt. II

Question 1

Three types of proprioceptor

Answer 1

slow lower of arm (MS1)
abrupt arm drop (MS1 with fast MS2 firing)
weight in hand (abrupt MS1/MS2 and increased baseline of GTO) therefore Golgi Tendon Organ forcstretch

Question 2

premotor cortex lesions

Answer 2

Patient with premotor lesions can learn to make spatially cued, but not arbitrarily cued hand movements (e.g. red = move left, green = move right)
prob with executive control (goal setting)

Question 3

TOTE mechanism

Answer 3

Furnace. Cycle through turning it on and off until you get to the test point and you test it and it’s at the goal temp so stop the behaviour all together

Question 4

lateral group

Answer 4

The corticospinal tract, the corticobulbar tract, and the rubrospinal tract.


Question 5

ventromedial group

Answer 5

The vestibulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, and the ventral corticospinal tract.


Question 6

corticospinal tract

Answer 6

The system of axons that originate in the motor cortex and terminates in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord.


Question 7

pyramidal tract

Answer 7

The portion of the corticospinal tract on the ventral border of the medulla.

Question 8

lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 8

The system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the contralateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the distal limbs

Question 9

ventral corticospinal tract

Answer 9

The system of axons that originate in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsilateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movement of the upper legs and trunk.

Question 10

corticobulbar tract

Answer 10

A bundle of axons from the motor cortex to the fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles

Question 11

corticorubral tract

Answer 11

The system of axons that travels from the motor cortex to the red nucleus
rubrospinal tract
The system of axons that travel from the red nucleus to the spinal cord; controls independent limb movements.

Question 12

vestibulospinal tract

Answer 12

A bundle of axons that travel from the vestibular nuclei to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls postural movements in response to information form the vestibular system.

Question 13

tectospinal tract

Answer 13

A bundle of axons that travels from the tectum to the spinal cord; coordinates head and trunk movements with eye movements.


Question 14

reticulospinal tract

Answer 14

A bundle of axons that travels from the reticular formation to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls the muscles responsible for postural movements.

Question 15

Apraxia

Answer 15

Difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or muscular weakness.

Question 16

Hemiparesis

Answer 16

paralysis of the contralateral limbs due to precentral cortical injury - distal joints and fine movements are most affected. 


Question 17

Spasticity

Answer 17

Stiff or rigid muscles with exaggerate deep tendon reflexe. Caused by damage to upper motoneurons that normally inhibit spinal reflexes.

Question 18

left parietal apraxia

Answer 18

An apraxia caused by damage to the left parietal lobe; characterized by difficulty in producing sequences of movements by verbal request or in imitation of movements made by someone else.

Question 19

constructional apraxia

Answer 19

Difficulty in drawing pictures or diagrams or in making geometrical constructions of elements such as building blocks or sticks; caused by damage to the right parietal lobe.

Question 20

caudate nucleus

Answer 20

A forebrain nucleus, one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia – receives excitatory input from cortex input and substantia nigra, involved with the control of voluntary movement.


Question 21

putamen

Answer 21

Another of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; receives excitation from cortex and inhibitory input from substantia nigra. Involved with the control of voluntary movement.

Question 22

globus pallidus

Answer 22

The primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia; involved with the control of voluntary movement. Has both an internal and external component. The internal portion is involved in the “direct pathway” which has a net excitatory effect on movement
The external portion is involved in the “indirect pathway” which has a net inhibitory effect on movement.

Question 23

Thalamic Nucleus

Answer 23

Thalamic nuclei that receive projections from the basal ganglia and send projections to the motor cortex.
Relays in a reafferent loop from cortex to basal ganglia to thalamus to cortex again

Question 24

direct pathway (in basal ganglia)

Answer 24

The pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the external division of the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an inhibitory effect on movement.


Question 25

indirect pathway (in basal ganglia)

Answer 25

The pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an excitatory effect on movement.


Question 26

Huntington’s disease

Answer 26

A fatal inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen; characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, and dementia.

Question 27

flocculonodular lobe

Answer 27

A region of the cerebellum; involved in control of postural reflexes.

Question 28

vermis

Answer 28

The portion of the cerebellum located at the midline; receives somatosensory information and helps to control the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts through its connections with the fastigial nucleus.