control of movement

Question 1

proprioception=

Answer 1

• Proprioception is the body’s 6th sense, its awareness of the body in space. It’s the body’s ability to sense self-movement, position and its body position.
• Proprioceptive info is sent via dorsal column and spinocerebellar pathways.
• Proprioceptors involved are muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.

Question 2

Targets of proprioceptive information

Answer 2

Somatosensory cortex
Primary motor cortex
Pre-motor cortex
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Brain stem nuclei
Spinal cord

Question 3

Proprioceptive deafferentation=

Answer 3

loss or impairment of proprioceptive input from body to the CNS, due to damage of proprioceptors or pathways.

Question 4

What is the vestibular system?

Answer 4

• The vestibular apparatus/ system senses movement of head and acceleration. It is in the inner ear.

Question 5

Accelerometer=

Answer 5

records motion, movements and accelerator, examples within the inner ear that represent these accelerometers are semi-circular canals, utricle and saccule otoliths.

Question 6

What are ampullae?

Answer 6

Found in the semi-circular canals, they sense rotational movement of the head.

Question 7

What does the brain stem have a series of?

Answer 7

vestibular nuclei

Question 8

What are the 4 outputs/ targets of vestibular nuclei?

Answer 8

1. Oculomotor cortex
2. lower motor neurons
3. cervical spinal cord
4. cerebellum

Question 9

what is the dorsal visual stream?

Answer 9

located in parietal lobe or cerebral cortex. Extends to occipital lobe to sensory associative areas

Question 10

What is the ventral visual stream?

Answer 10

located in temporal lobe or cerebral cortex and extends to insula and temporal lobe memory areas.

Question 11

Predict the likely functional consequences for control of movement associated with impairments of the visual or vestibular systems

Answer 11

• Dizziness/ vertigo
• Balance disorders
• Lack of coordination
• Bouncing vision

Question 12

Basal ganglia=

Answer 12

group of subcortical nuclei responsible for motor control

Question 13

Identify the structures of the brain that comprise the basal ganglia

Answer 13

• Caudate nucleus
• Putamen
• Globus and pallidus
• Subthalamic nucleus

Question 14

Substantia nigra=

Answer 14

in the middle of the brain, produces dopamine allowing to facilitate direct/ indirect pathways

Question 15

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 15

a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra.

Question 16

what are the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 16

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) tremors, rigidity all related to disruption to basal ganglia circuits in the substantia nigra.

Question 17

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 17

• Cerebellum is 50% neurons so is important. It controls what happens in motor cortex.

Question 18

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

Answer 18

Vestibulocerebellum, corticocerebellum and spinocerebellum.

Question 19

Briefly describe the clinical features of lesions associated with the cerebellum.

Answer 19

• Ataxia
• Asynergia
• Dysmetria
• Scanning speech
• Decomposition of movement