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MIMM 211 > Control Of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Control Of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we control the amount of bacteria?


A

To protect weak individuals

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2
Q

Where do we control microorganisms?


A

On surfaces, tissues, food, and water

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3
Q

What type of microorganisms are found on the skin?


A

Commensal microbes

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4
Q

What happens if there is a failure of control in the food industry?


A

Microorganisms may contaminate food

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5
Q

Why must machines dispensing food be clean?


A

To avoid microorganism growth and contamination

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6
Q

What causes food spoilage?


A

Bacterial and mold overgrowth

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7
Q

What is E.coli O157:H7 mostly related to?


A

Hamburger meat

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8
Q

What are visible signs of food spoilage?


A

Mold growth, gas, and odor production

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9
Q

What causes softening and rotting of food?


A

Enzyme production and pigments

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10
Q

What is required for a sterile environment during surgery?


A

Sterile instruments and devices

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11
Q

What is the purpose of antimicrobial therapy?


A

To avoid infectious diseases

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12
Q

What is controlled in hospitals for immuno-compromised hosts?


A

Airborne biohazards

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13
Q

What is the goal of biohazard control?


A

To prevent transmission of dangerous viruses

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14
Q

Name some outbreaks mentioned.


A

Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, Norovirus

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15
Q

What are some examples of epidemics/pandemics?


A

Influenza, Bubonic plague, HIV/AIDS

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16
Q

What are the four methods of microbial control?


A

Antisepsis
Sanitization
Disinfection
Sterilization

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17
Q

What is antisepsis?


A

Use of cream to reduce microbial count

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18
Q

What is sanitization?


A

Reduction of microbes to a safe concentration

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19
Q

What is disinfection?


A

Reduction of microbes in high traffic areas

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20
Q

What are the two forms of chemical control methods mentioned?

A

Gases and liquids

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21
Q

What is the primary function of antiseptics?


A

Kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

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22
Q

What is sterilization?


A

Killing all microorganisms including spores

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23
Q

What methods can be used for sterilization?


A

Heat, chemicals, radiation, or mechanically

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24
Q

Name two examples of antiseptics.


A

Alcohols and iodine

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25
Why are antiseptics applied to skin or tissue surfaces?

They are less toxic than other chemicals
26
What is an example of a bactericidal agent?

Cleaners, bleach
27
What are the potential harmful effects of widespread antiseptic use?
Induction of MDR pumps by antibiotics and biocides
28
What is an example of a bacteriostatic agent?

Tetracyclines, Azithromycines
29
What is the main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?

Disinfectants are **more toxic** than antiseptics
30
What does antimicrobial potency refer to?

Microbial death quantification
31
What is the purpose of disinfectants?

To remove potential pathogenic microorganisms
32
What is the D value?

Time to kill 90% of microorganisms
33
What does a lower D value indicate?

faster killing by the agent
34
What factors influence antimicrobial effectiveness?

Population size, composition, contact time
35
What factors influence the choice of disinfectant compound?

Solubility, toxicity, fumes, stability
36
How do alcohols exert their antimicrobial effect?

By denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids
37
What are the three types of microbial control methods?

Physical, mechanical, chemical
38
What concentration of ethanol is practical for use as an antiseptic?

60-70% for 10-15 minutes
39
What do physical control methods involve?

Heat and radiation
40
What do phenolics do to microbial cells?

Disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins
41
What are aldehydes known for in microbial control?

Highly reactive and toxic molecules
42
What temperature does a steam autoclave operate at?

121-133 °C
43
What is the role of halogens in disinfectants?

They form highly reactive oxidants
44
What is the duration for sterilization in a steam autoclave?

15-30 minutes
45
What is a practical use of bleach as a disinfectant?

10% bleach for 10 minutes
46
What is a pro of using a steam autoclave?

Efficient, cheap, simple
47
What is a con of using a steam autoclave?

High pressure can damage materials
48
What is the purpose of gas disinfectants?

useful for heat-sensitive items
49
What is pasteurization used for?

Heat-sensitive products
50
What is ethylene oxide known for?

Strong alkylating agent and potent sterilizer
51
What is the standard pasteurization temperature and time?

60 °C for 30 minutes
52
What is vaporized hydrogen peroxide's advantage?

No damage to non-living materials
53
What is gamma radiation used for?

Sterilization of medical supplies
54
What is the purpose of UV radiation in microbial control?

Kills microorganisms at short distances
55
What are some materials used for modern surface contamination control?

Copper and stainless steel
56
What is a characteristic of gamma radiation?

Highly penetrating and fast acting
57
What is a risk associated with gamma radiation?

It can damage DNA and cell structures
58
What is the function of liquid filtration systems?

Removes bacteria, fungi, and spores
59
What is the pore size range for liquid filtration systems?

0.45-0.2 microns
60
Where is gamma radiation used?

In specialized sterilization facilities
61
Why might antimicrobial control fail?

Suboptimal methods and resistant microorganisms
62
What is the purpose of HEPA filters?

Filters airborne fungi and bacteria
63
What are biofilms?

Multicellular bacterial communities in a matrix
64
How do biofilms affect microbial resistance?

They are highly resistant to biocides and antibiotics
65

What is BSL-1 in laboratory safety?

Non-pathogens like E. coli
66
What precautions are taken in BSL-2 labs?

Restricted access and biological safety cabinets
67
What pathogens are handled in BSL-3 labs?

tuberculosis
68
What is required in BSL-4 labs?

HAZMAT suits and controlled access
69
What factors are considered in biohazard control?

Mode of transmission and infectious dose
70
What is PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment
71
What are some examples of PPE?

Gloves, goggles, and masks
72
How is Ebola transmitted?

Through bodily fluids like saliva and urine
73
What is the risk of indirect transmission of Ebola?

Possible but low risk on surfaces
74
When does Ebola transmission occur?

When contact protection is inadequate

MIMM 211 (7 decks)

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