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MIMM 211 > Control Of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Control Of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we control the amount of bacteria?


A

To protect weak individuals

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2
Q

Where do we control microorganisms?


A

On surfaces, tissues, food, and water

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3
Q

What type of microorganisms are found on the skin?


A

Commensal microbes

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4
Q

What happens if there is a failure of control in the food industry?


A

Microorganisms may contaminate food

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5
Q

Why must machines dispensing food be clean?


A

To avoid microorganism growth and contamination

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6
Q

What causes food spoilage?


A

Bacterial and mold overgrowth

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7
Q

What is E.coli O157:H7 mostly related to?


A

Hamburger meat

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8
Q

What are visible signs of food spoilage?


A

Mold growth, gas, and odor production

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9
Q

What causes softening and rotting of food?


A

Enzyme production and pigments

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10
Q

What is required for a sterile environment during surgery?


A

Sterile instruments and devices

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11
Q

What is the purpose of antimicrobial therapy?


A

To avoid infectious diseases

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12
Q

What is controlled in hospitals for immuno-compromised hosts?


A

Airborne biohazards

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13
Q

What is the goal of biohazard control?


A

To prevent transmission of dangerous viruses

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14
Q

Name some outbreaks mentioned.


A

Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, Norovirus

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15
Q

What are some examples of epidemics/pandemics?


A

Influenza, Bubonic plague, HIV/AIDS

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16
Q

What are the four methods of microbial control?


A

Antisepsis
Sanitization
Disinfection
Sterilization

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17
Q

What is antisepsis?


A

Use of cream to reduce microbial count

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18
Q

What is sanitization?


A

Reduction of microbes to a safe concentration

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19
Q

What is disinfection?


A

Reduction of microbes in high traffic areas

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20
Q

What are the two forms of chemical control methods mentioned?

A

Gases and liquids

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21
Q

What is the primary function of antiseptics?


A

Kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

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22
Q

What is sterilization?


A

Killing all microorganisms including spores

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23
Q

What methods can be used for sterilization?


A

Heat, chemicals, radiation, or mechanically

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24
Q

Name two examples of antiseptics.


A

Alcohols and iodine

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25
Q

Why are antiseptics applied to skin or tissue surfaces?


A

They are less toxic than other chemicals

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26
Q

What is an example of a bactericidal agent?


A

Cleaners, bleach

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27
Q

What are the potential harmful effects of widespread antiseptic use?

A

Induction of MDR pumps by antibiotics and biocides

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28
Q

What is an example of a bacteriostatic agent?


A

Tetracyclines, Azithromycines

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29
Q

What is the main difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?


A

Disinfectants are more toxic than antiseptics

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30
Q

What does antimicrobial potency refer to?


A

Microbial death quantification

31
Q

What is the purpose of disinfectants?


A

To remove potential pathogenic microorganisms

32
Q

What is the D value?


A

Time to kill 90% of microorganisms

33
Q

What does a lower D value indicate?


A

faster killing by the agent

34
Q

What factors influence antimicrobial effectiveness?


A

Population size, composition, contact time

35
Q

What factors influence the choice of disinfectant compound?


A

Solubility, toxicity, fumes, stability

36
Q

How do alcohols exert their antimicrobial effect?


A

By denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids

37
Q

What are the three types of microbial control methods?


A

Physical, mechanical, chemical

38
Q

What concentration of ethanol is practical for use as an antiseptic?


A

60-70% for 10-15 minutes

39
Q

What do physical control methods involve?


A

Heat and radiation

40
Q

What do phenolics do to microbial cells?


A

Disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins

41
Q

What are aldehydes known for in microbial control?


A

Highly reactive and toxic molecules

42
Q

What temperature does a steam autoclave operate at?


A

121-133 °C

43
Q

What is the role of halogens in disinfectants?


A

They form highly reactive oxidants

44
Q

What is the duration for sterilization in a steam autoclave?


A

15-30 minutes

45
Q

What is a practical use of bleach as a disinfectant?


A

10% bleach for 10 minutes

46
Q

What is a pro of using a steam autoclave?


A

Efficient, cheap, simple

47
Q

What is a con of using a steam autoclave?


A

High pressure can damage materials

48
Q

What is the purpose of gas disinfectants?


A

useful for heat-sensitive items

49
Q

What is pasteurization used for?


A

Heat-sensitive products

50
Q

What is ethylene oxide known for?


A

Strong alkylating agent and potent sterilizer

51
Q

What is the standard pasteurization temperature and time?


A

60 °C for 30 minutes

52
Q

What is vaporized hydrogen peroxide’s advantage?


A

No damage to non-living materials

53
Q

What is gamma radiation used for?


A

Sterilization of medical supplies

54
Q

What is the purpose of UV radiation in microbial control?


A

Kills microorganisms at short distances

55
Q

What are some materials used for modern surface contamination control?


A

Copper and stainless steel

56
Q

What is a characteristic of gamma radiation?


A

Highly penetrating and fast acting

57
Q

What is a risk associated with gamma radiation?


A

It can damage DNA and cell structures

58
Q

What is the function of liquid filtration systems?


A

Removes bacteria, fungi, and spores

59
Q

What is the pore size range for liquid filtration systems?


A

0.45-0.2 microns

60
Q

Where is gamma radiation used?


A

In specialized sterilization facilities

61
Q

Why might antimicrobial control fail?


A

Suboptimal methods and resistant microorganisms

62
Q

What is the purpose of HEPA filters?


A

Filters airborne fungi and bacteria

63
Q

What are biofilms?


A

Multicellular bacterial communities in a matrix

64
Q

How do biofilms affect microbial resistance?


A

They are highly resistant to biocides and antibiotics

65
Q


What is BSL-1 in laboratory safety?


A

Non-pathogens like E. coli

66
Q

What precautions are taken in BSL-2 labs?


A

Restricted access and biological safety cabinets

67
Q

What pathogens are handled in BSL-3 labs?


A

tuberculosis

68
Q

What is required in BSL-4 labs?


A

HAZMAT suits and controlled access

69
Q

What factors are considered in biohazard control?


A

Mode of transmission and infectious dose

70
Q

What is PPE?


A

Personal Protective Equipment

71
Q

What are some examples of PPE?


A

Gloves, goggles, and masks

72
Q

How is Ebola transmitted?


A

Through bodily fluids like saliva and urine

73
Q

What is the risk of indirect transmission of Ebola?


A

Possible but low risk on surfaces

74
Q

When does Ebola transmission occur?


A

When contact protection is inadequate

MIMM 211 (7 decks)

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