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Bacterial Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to study bacterial pathogenesis?


A

To understand and control bacterial diseases

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2
Q

How does climate change affect pathogens?


A

It alters the range of pathogens

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3
Q

What is a major threat to treating bacterial infections?


A

Antimicrobial resistance

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4
Q

Name two modern big bacterial killers.


A

Tuberculosis and pneumonia

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5
Q

What can understanding how bacteria cause disease lead to?


A

Better methods to control bacterial diseases

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6
Q

Who is Dr. Barry Marshall?


A

He studied Helicobacter pylori and ulcers

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7
Q

What is unique about Helicobacter pylori?


A

It is classified as a carcinogen

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8
Q

What does the suffix “-gen” mean?


A

“Producer”

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9
Q

What does the prefix “patho-“ mean?


A

“Disease”

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10
Q

How is the determination of a pathogen described?


A

As a continuum rather than discrete categories

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11
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?


A

Principles to define a pathogen

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12
Q

What is the first postulate of Koch’s Postulates?


A

Microorganism found in abundance in diseased organisms

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13
Q

What is a warning about Koch’s Postulates?


A

Some pathogens can be isolated from healthy individuals

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14
Q

What is the second postulate of Koch’s Postulates?


A

Microorganism should be isolated and grown in pure culture

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15
Q

What is a limitation of the second postulate?


A

Some organisms are hard or impossible to culture

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16
Q

What is the third postulate of Koch’s Postulates?


A

Cultured microorganism should cause disease in healthy organism

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17
Q

What factors can affect disease development?


A

Health status, genetics, and environment

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18
Q

What is the balance that must be maintained in disease?


A

Between bacterial factors and host factors

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19
Q

What is an infection?


A

Pathogen established in the body

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20
Q

What is the difference between infection and disease?


A

Disease produces signs and symptoms

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21
Q

What is a secondary infection?


A

Infection develops in already infected individual

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22
Q

How does the microbiome impact susceptibility?


A

It creates a barrier on our cells

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23
Q

What happens when antibiotics are taken?


A

Symbionts are killed, increasing vulnerability

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24
Q

What are the steps in the pathogenesis of bacterial diseases?


A
  1. Maintain a reservoir
  2. Be transported to the host
  3. Adhere to, colonize, and/or invade host
  4. Multiply or complete life cycles on or in host
  5. Evade host defenses
  6. Leave host and return to reservoir or enter new host
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25
What is a reservoir in the context of bacterial diseases?

Habitat where the agent lives and multiplies
26
What are the two methods of transportation for pathogens?

Direct and indirect transportation
27
What is direct transportation?

Skin-skin, kissing, droplet spread
28
What is indirect transportation?

Airborne, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
29
What is adherence in the context of bacterial infection?

Attachment to host cells via adhesins
30
What are adhesins?

Molecules that mediate adherence to host cells
31
How can bacteria colonize or invade a host?

Active penetration or passive pathways
32
What factors allow pathogens to multiply in a host?

Access to nutrients, pH, temperature
33
How do bacteria leave the host?

Through feces, urine, droplets, or saliva
34
What is a bacterial capsule?

A slippery coating that resists phagocytosis
35
What role do symptoms play in disease transmission?

They aid in the process of leaving the host
36
Why do commensal E. coli strains rarely cause disease?
They do not possess virulence factors
37
What are virulence factors?

Factors that increase disease-causing ability
38
How do virulence factors improve a pathogen's ability?

By enhancing colonization, multiplication, evasion, and transmission
39
What is the purpose of "Molecular Koch's postulates"?

To define virulence factors
40
What is the first postulate of Molecular Koch's postulates?

The gene is present in disease-causing strains
41
What does the second postulate state?

The gene is not present in avirulent strains
42
What does the third postulate indicate?

Disrupting the gene restores virulence
43
What does the fourth postulate state?

Re-introduction of the gene restores virulence
44
What does the fifth postulate indicate?

The gene is expressed during infection
45
What does the sixth postulate state?

Specific immune response protects against the gene
46
How can bacteria acquire virulence factors?

Through various methods like plasmids and phages
47
What are adhesins?

Factors that help bacteria adhere to hosts
48
How do anti-virulence drugs interact with adhesins?

They block the interaction between receptors and adhesins
49
What is a mannoside?

An inhibitor that blocks adhesins
50
What is the role of siderophores?

To collect iron for bacteria
51
How does a capsule protect bacteria?

It protects from phagocytosis by host cells
52
What is T3SS?

A type of virulence-associated secretion system
53
How many genes encode T3SS?

Approximately 20 genes
54
What does T3SS do?

Injects bacterial proteins into host cells
55
What are exotoxins?

Toxins that are secreted by bacteria
56
What is the effect of botulinum toxin?

Paralysis by cleaving neurotransmission proteins
57
How can inactivated toxins be used?

To elicit an immune response
58
What is an antitoxin?

An antibody that neutralizes a specific toxin
59
What does the A subunit of AB exotoxins do?

Has enzyme activity and causes toxic effects
60
What is the role of the B subunit in AB exotoxins?

It mediates cell binding and entry
61
How do membrane-disrupting exotoxins function?

They attack host cell membranes
62
What are superantigens?

Toxins that stimulate T cells excessively
63
What is an endotoxin?

A structural component of Gram-negative bacteria
64
What is the toxic component of LPS?

lipid A
65
How is LPS released?
When bacteria lyses or multiplies
66
How does LPS interact with host cells?

Through binding of a receptor complex
67
What is the result of LPS interaction with host cells?

Induces severe inflammatory response
68
What are the symptoms of sepsis caused by LPS?

Fever, increased heart rate, low blood pressure
69
What are intoxications?

Diseases caused by pre-formed toxins
70
How do symptoms of intoxications appear?

More quickly than infections
71
How does Bacillus cereus cause vomiting?

By producing a pre-formed toxin in food
72
What is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?

A serious complication of EHEC infection
73
What are the features of HUS?

Hemolytic anemia, platelet deficiency, kidney failure
74
What is the function of Tir?

Inserts into host cell membrane as a receptor
75
What does the A subunit of Shiga toxin do?

Inhibits protein synthesis by modifying ribosomes
76
What is the recommended treatment for EHEC infection?

Supportive care and monitoring
77
What are the prevention methods for EHEC infection?

Handwashing, cooking, and pasteurization
78
What are the key prevention methods for EHEC infection?

Handwashing Thorough cooking of beef Keeping raw/cooked utensils separate Pasteurization for milk and juice

MIMM 211 (7 decks)

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