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MIMM 211 > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of global antibiotic use is in livestock?


A

3/4

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2
Q

What is a common use of antibiotics on plants?


A

Prevention and treatment of disease

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3
Q

Who discovered streptomycin?


A

Selman Waksman

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4
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered through systematic screening?


A

Streptomycin

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5
Q

How many years have antibiotics been produced by bacteria?


A

Over 40 million years

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6
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?


A

The ability for bacteria to grow in presence of antibiotics

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7
Q

What are common antibiotic-producing microorganisms?


A

Actinomyces, Streptomyces, fungi/mold

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8
Q

What is multidrug resistance?


A

Resistance to multiple compounds

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9
Q

What are the main classes of antibiotics mentioned?


A

Streptomycin (Aminoglycosides)
Tetracyclines
Daptomycin (Lipopeptides)

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10
Q

How is antibiotic resistance genetically mediated?


A

By mutations or resistance-genes

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11
Q

What is bacteriostatic activity?


A

Blocks a reaction required for cell replication

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12
Q

What does high MIC indicate?


A

High minimum inhibitory concentration

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13
Q

What is an example of bacteriostatic activity?


A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

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14
Q

What does a small zone of inhibition in a disc infusion assay indicate?


A

Resistance to the antibiotic tested

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15
Q

What is an example of bactericidal activity?


A

Lysis of cell wall

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16
Q

What has driven the evolution of resistance mechanisms in bacteria?


A

Competition and survival in the natural environment

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17
Q

How does human behavior affect antibiotic resistance?


A

It accelerates emergence, selection, and spread

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18
Q

What factors affect the killing effects of antibiotics?


A

Doses and bacteria species

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19
Q

What are the two mechanisms that result in antibiotic resistance?


A

Fortuitous advantageous mutations and target mutations

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20
Q

What does MIC stand for?


A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

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21
Q

What is the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?


A

Pump out antibiotics

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22
Q

What does a high MIC indicate?


A

The bacterium is resistant

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23
Q

What does expropriating genes refer to in antibiotic resistance?


A

Kidnapping resistance mechanisms from antibiotic producers

24
Q

How do plasmids contribute to antibiotic resistance?


A

They encode resistance genes and spread resistance

25
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?


A

Resistance trait passed from one generation to another

26
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?


A

Resistance trait transferred to different bacteria

27
Q

How does conjugation contribute to antibiotic resistance?


A

It transfers plasmids between bacteria

28
Q

What is the role of low permeability in antibiotic resistance?


A

Acts as a selective barrier for antibiotics

29
Q

What is the purpose of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST)?


A

Determine antibiotic susceptibility and resistance

30
Q

What are the two types of AST?


A

Quantitative and qualitative

31
Q

Why are Gram-negative bacteria intrinsically resistant?


A

Due to their outer membrane’s hydrophobic nature

32
Q

What is a con of AST?


A

Labor-intensive and slow

33
Q

What is a major mechanism of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria?


A

Complex multi-purpose efflux pumps

34
Q

What is the target of Quinolones?


A

DNA gyrase

35
Q

What do Beta-lactams target?


A

Cell wall synthesis

36
Q

What is Erm modification related to?


A

Modification of the 50S subunit and Macrolides resistance

37
Q

What is the target of Aminoglycosides?


A

30S ribosomal subunit

38
Q

How does drug modification or drug degradation occur?

A

Enzymes cleave beta-lactam rings in periplasm

39
Q

What are extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)?

A

Enzymes that can cleave cephalosporins

40
Q

What is the target of Macrolides?

A

50S ribosomal subunit

41
Q

What are Penicillin Binding Proteins(PBPs)?

A

Transpeptidases for peptidoglycan synthesis

42
Q

How does amiglycosides modification occur ?

A

By adding moieties that prevents binding

43
Q

How do Beta-lactams work?

A

Inhibits PBPs required for cross-links

44
Q

What happens when petidoglycan synthesis is disrupted ?

A

Cell wall weakens and bursts

45
Q

Why are beta-lactams used?

A

They have a very wide spectrum of activity

46
Q

Why are some inhibotors ineffective against gram -negatives?

A

They cannot penetrate the outer membrane

47
Q

What is the composition of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S ribosomes with 30S and 50S subunits

48
Q

What is the composition of eukaryotic ribosomes ?

A

80S ribosomes with 40S and 60S subunits

49
Q

What do major protein synthesis inhibitors do?

A

Block the elongation cycle of protein synthesis

50
Q

What is the action of Tetracyclines and Aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibits the 30S ribosomal subunit

51
Q

What is the action of Macrolides?

A

Block the 50S subunit

52
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?

A

Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit

53
Q

What is a limitation of Aminoglycosides?

A

Important side effects limit clinical use

54
Q

What factors should be considered when choosing an antibiotic?

A

Spectrum, delivery, dosing, resistance

55
Q

Why should we consider regarding clinical efficiency ?

A

Clinical studies,microbiological potency

56
Q

What should be considered regarding side effects and toxicity ?

A

Potential adverse effects of the antibiotic

MIMM 211 (7 decks)

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