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Endocrine > Control of blood glucose > Flashcards

Control of blood glucose Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

Energy source for most cells

Obligatory for energy in brain

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2
Q

More energy is made available in the diet than is required. How are excess calories stored?

A

Glycogen

Fat

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3
Q

How does digested food increase insulin secretion?

A

Increased amino acids, glucose and fatty acids in blood

Stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin

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4
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

A

Glucagon - alpha cells
Insulin - Beta cells
Of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

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5
Q

Apart from increased AAs/fatty acids/glucose, how else can beta cells be stimulated to produce insulin?

A 
Parasympathetic NS (sympathetic decreases secretion of insulin)
GI hormones (GIP, GLP-1)
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6
Q

Insulin affects what 3 parts of the body?

A

LAM
Liver
Adipose tissue
Muscle

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7
Q

Are insulin and glucagon anabolic or catabolic?

A

Insulin - catabolic

Glucagon - anabolic

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8
Q

How does insulin affect the liver?

A

Inhibits glyocgenolysis and gluconeogensis

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9
Q

How does insulin affect adipose tissue?

A

Stimulates up regulation of GLUT4 and glucose

Increases carbohydrate and fat metabolism

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10
Q

How does insulin affect muscle?

A

Upregulates expression of GLUT 4 (glucose transporter)
Increases glucose uptake
Stimulates glycolysis and glycogen synthesis

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11
Q

What is the obligatory source of fuel for the brain? What cells in the brain are NOT sensitive to insulin? How does CSF relate to blood sugar?

A

Glucose
Neurons
CSF glucose concentration directly proportional to blood glucose

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12
Q

What stimulates glucagon secretion?

A

Low concentrations of glucose and fatty acids in plasma

High concentration of amino acids

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13
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion?

A

High concentrations of glucose and fatty acids in plasma

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14
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose?

A

Stimulates breakdown of fat and proteins
Stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycogen synthesis

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15
Q

What receptor does glucagon have similar effects to? What effect does glucagon have on the heart?

A

Beta adrenoreceptors

Increases contraction of heart (but metabolic effects much greater)

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16
Q

Which hormones (apart from glucagon) increase blood glucose concentration?

A

Adrenaline
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone

17
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder causing hyperglycaemia. What are the 2 types of diabetes? Which is more common in cats and dogs?

A

Type 1 - insulin dependent - lack being produced by pancreas (dog)
Type 2 - non-insulin dependent - reduced sensitivity to insulin (cat)

18
Q

How can diabetes be diagnosed?

A

History, clinical signs
Fasting hyperglycaemia
Insulin resistance (hyperglycaemia not responsive to exogenous insulin, type 2)

19
Q

What 2 drugs can be used to treat diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin replacement drugs or insulin receptor agonists

Oral hypoglycaemics

20
Q

Insulin is identical in which species? In which species is insulin very similar?

A

Pigs and dogs = identical

Cats and cows = very similar

21
Q

How do insulin replacement drugs/agonists work?

A

Bind to insulin receptor on cell surface
Increase glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis
Decrease gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

22
Q

How are insulin replacement drugs/agonists given?

A

Usually subcut
Can be given IV in emergency
Not orally as peptides broken down in stomach

23
Q

When might insulin replacement drugs/agonists be given?

A

Type 1 diabetes
Hyperglycaemic emergencies (IV)
Emergency treatment of hyperkalaemia

24
Q

What are the adverse effects of insulin replacement drugs/agonists?

A

Hypogylcaemia - give IV glucose

Insulin resistance

25
Q

What causes insulin resistance? (when giving exogenous insulin)

A

Insulin antibodies attenuate responses to exogenous insulin
Stress increases adrenaline and corticosteroids which cause resistance
Insulin receptor de-sensitisation

26
Q

Give an example of a oral hypoglycaemic drug group and a drug itself

A

Sulphonureas

Glipizide

27
Q

How do sulphonureas work? (oral hypoglycaemic, to treat diabetes). What type of diabetes can it treat?

A

Stimulate insulin secretion
Increase insulin sensitivity
Diabetes 2

28
Q

How are sulphonureas administrated? What are the adverse effects?

A

Orally

Mild hypoglycaemia, milder than insulin

Endocrine (7 decks)

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