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Physiology > Control of blood Flow > Flashcards

Control of blood Flow Flashcards

1
Q

What is the oxygen (nutrient) lack theory?

A

a decrease in oxygen cause blood vessel relaxation due to the smooth muscles not having adequate oxygen to maintain contraction which causes vasodilation

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2
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

cyclical opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

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3
Q

Why does active tissue cause a higher rate of blood flow?

A

because they have an increased metabolism which requires nutrients to complete and triggers the sympathetic system to trigger the heart to pump faster and increase the blood flow

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4
Q

What is the effect of decreased arterial oxygenation saturation on blood flow?

A

It increases blood flow in order to get oxygen bback to the tissues

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5
Q

What does autoregulation do for the arterial pressure?

A

when there is a rapid increase in arterial pressure it leads to an increase in blood flow what autoregulation does is quickly, within minutes, returns blood flow to normal even with elevated pressure.

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6
Q

What are the two views to explain autoregulation?

A
  1. metabolic theory

2. myogenic theory

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7
Q

Explain metabolic theory

A

when there is an increase in blood flow their are to much oxygen or nutrients being delivered to the tissues this causes a wash out of vasodilators and the vessels constict slowing blood flow

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8
Q

explain myogenic theory

A

the stretch of vessels due to high blood flow activates the stretch reflex which causes the vasculature to constrict slowing the blood flow

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9
Q

What are the 4 examples of vasoconstrictive molecules provided in lecture?

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. epinephrine
  3. angiotensin (normally acts to increase total peripheral resistance)
  4. Vasopressin (aka= Antidiuretic hormone; major function is to control body fluid volume)
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10
Q

What are the two examples of vasodilation molecules provided in lecture?

A
  1. bradykinins
    - —-causes both vosodilation and increased capillary permeability
  2. Histamine
    - —- powerful vasodilator derived from mast cells and basophils
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11
Q

T or F, Blood pressure is regulated at the tissure level.

A

F, you can’t do anything at the tissue level to regulate blood pressure

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12
Q

What are the only vessels not innervated by the sympathetic system?

A

capillaries

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13
Q

What is the primarily result for sympathetic activation on the vessels?
A. vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation

A

vasoconstriction

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14
Q

What are the vasoconstrictor areas in the brain?

A

anterolateral portions of the upper medulla

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15
Q

What types of signals are transimitted by the vasoconstrictor area to the blood vessels and what do these signals cause?

A

continuous signals that result in sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone

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16
Q

What is the partial state of contraction of blood vessels known as?

A

vasomotor tone

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17
Q

What is the vasodilator area of the brain and what effect does it have on the vasoconstrictor area?

A

Bilateral in the anterolateral portions of the lower medulla, it inhibits activity in vasoconstrictor area

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18
Q

What is the sensory area for the vasomotor center in the brain?

A

bilateral in tractus solitarius in posterolateral portion of the medulla

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19
Q

What nerves transmit signals to the sensory area of the vasomotor center in the brain?

A

the vagus nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerves

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20
Q

What are the 3 higher nervous centers that control the sensory area of the vasomotor center in the brain?

A
  1. reticular substance (RAS)
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Cerebral cortex
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21
Q

What are hering’s nerves and what is their function?

A

They are nerves that carry signals from the baroreceptors in the internal carotid artery to the glossopharyngeal nerves to be transmitted to the sensory area

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22
Q

What pressures stimulate the baroreceptors in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch respectfully?

A

> 60 mm Hg and > 30 mm Hg

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23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

24
Q

What are the characteristics for neural rapid control and the characteristics of each?
4 answers

A
  1. Simultaneous changes
    - –constriction of most systemic arteries
    - –constriction of veins
    - – increased heart rate
  2. Rapid response
    - –within seconds
  3. increased blood pressure during exercise
    - –accompanied by vasodilation
  4. alarm reaction
    - –fight or flight
25
Q

What do signals from baroreceptors do? 4 things

A
  1. Inhibit vasconstrictor center
  2. excite vasodilator center
  3. cause either increase or decrease in arterial pressure
  4. primary function is to reduce the minute-by-minute variation in arterial pressure
26
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors located?

A

located in carotid bodies in bifurcation of the common carotids and in aortic bodies

27
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

3 things

A

lack of oxygen
carbon dioxide excess
hydrogen ion excess

28
Q

What are the Atrial reflexes?

A

low pressure receptors located in the atria and pulmonary arteries that play an important role in minimizing arterial pressure changes in response to changes in blood volume

29
Q

What happens when there is an increase in atrial stretch?

A
  1. Reflex dilation of kidney afferent arterioles
    - – increases kidney fluid loss
    - – decreases blood volume
  2. increase in heart rate
  3. signals to hypothalamus to decrease ADH production
  4. atrial natriuretic peptide signals kidneys to increase the GFR and decrease the sodium reabsorption
30
Q

What is the equation for arterial pressure?

A

arterial pressure= cardiac output X total peripheral resistance

31
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of primary hypertension?

A
  1. increased cardiac output
  2. increased sympathetic nerve activity
  3. increase in angiotensin II and aldosterone levels
  4. Impairment of renal-pressure natriuresis mechanism
  5. inadequate secretion of salt and water
32
Q

What is primary hypertension and what percentage of hypertension cases does it contribute to?

A

It is hypertension from unknown orgin, 90-95% of cases

33
Q

What are the major factors for primary hypertension?

A
  1. Weight gain, characterized by:
    - – increased cardiac output
    - – increased sympathetic nerve activity
    - – increased antiotensin II and aldosterone levels
    - – impaired renal-pressure natriuresis mechanism
  2. Sedentary life style
34
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

hypertension second to some other cause

35
Q

What are the 6 renal causes of hypertension given in class?

A
  1. chronic renal disease
  2. renal artery stenosis
  3. renin-producing tumors
  4. acute glomerulonephritis
  5. polycystic disease
  6. renal vasculitis
36
Q

What are the 7 endocrine causes of hypertension?

A
  1. cushing syndrom (adrenocortical hyperfunction)
  2. exogenous hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogen)
  3. pheochromocytoma
  4. acromegaly
  5. hypothyroidism
  6. hyperthroidism
  7. pregnancy induced
37
Q

What are the 5 cardiovascular causes of hypertension?

A
  1. Coarctation of the aorta
  2. polyarteritis nodosa
  3. increased intravascular volume
  4. rigidity of the aorta
  5. increased cardiac output
38
Q

What is the neurologic causes of hypertension?

4 things

A
  1. psychogenic
  2. increased intracranial pressure
  3. sleep apnea
  4. acute stress
39
Q

What are some factors that decrease peripheral resistance leading to decreased blood pressure?

A
  1. increased production of nitric oxide
  2. increased release of prostacyclin
  3. increased release of kinins
  4. increase in atrionatriuretic peptide
  5. decreased neural factors
40
Q

What are the factors resulting in decreased cardiac output leading to decreased blood pressure?

A
  1. decreased blood volume
  2. decreased heart rate
  3. decreased contractility
41
Q

What are the factors resulting in increased peripheral resistance leading to hypertension?

A

Increased angiotensin II
increased catecholamines
increased thromboxane
increased neural factors

42
Q

What are the humoral vasoconstrictors?

A

Angiotensin II
Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
endothelin

43
Q

What are the 3 humoral vasodilators from lecture?

A

kinins
prostaglandins
nitric oxide

44
Q

What are the lethal effects of chronic hypertension?

A

Early heart failure and coronary artery diseases, cerebral infarct, and kidney failure

45
Q

What are 3 non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  1. age
  2. gender
  3. genetics
46
Q

What are the 4 modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A 
hyperlipidemia
hypertension
cigarette smoking
diabetes
inflammation
hyperhomocystinemia
Metabolic synfrom
47
Q

What is a major maker for inflammation that is synthesized by the liver and plays an important role in opsonizing bacteria and activating complement?

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

48
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Associated with insulin resistance

49
Q

What are the characteristics of atheroma?

A

Consists of a cap of smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells, and other extracellular components, overlying a necrotic center composed of cell debris, choleterol, foam cells, and calcium.

50
Q

What are the common sites where atherosclerosis plaques are found? 5 answers

A
  1. lower abdominal aorta
  2. coronary arteries
  3. popliteal arteries
  4. internal carotid arteries
  5. circle of willis
51
Q

What is the relationship between kidney output and arterial pressure?

A

when arterial pressure increases urine output increases (aka pressure diuresis) and sodium output increases (pressure natriuresis)

52
Q

What are the primary determinants of the long-term arterial pressure level? 2 answers

A
  1. degress of pressure shift of the renal output curve for water/salt
  2. level of water/salt intake
53
Q

What is chronic hypertension?

A

One’s mean arterial pressure is greater than the upper range of the accepted normal measure

54
Q

What is normal, hyypertensie, and severe hypertensive pressure for the arterial pressure?

A

Normal: 90 mm Hg
Hypertensive: 110 mm Hg
Severe hypertensive: 150/170 mm Hg

55
Q

What are the lethal effects of chronic hypertension?

5 answers

A
  1. early heart failure
  2. coronary heart disease
  3. heart attack
  4. cerebral infarct
  5. destruction of areas of the kidney leading to kidney failure leading uremia leading to death
56
Q

What is the vasodilator theory?

A

an increase in metabolism causes a decrease in oxygen availability which triggers the formation of vasodilators

Physiology (6 decks)

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