Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OT 441: Neuroscience - Summer 2017 > Control - Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (12) EXAM 3 Material > Flashcards

Control - Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (12) EXAM 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for the link between the idea of movement and the motor expression of that idea?

A

Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What controls movement from initiation to completion?

A

Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Basal Ganglia regulate in regard to muscles?

A

Muscle contraction
Muscle force
Sequencing of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What non-motor functions does the Basal Ganglia regulate?

A 
Emotions
Motivation
Reward
Decision-making 
Goal-directed behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F: The basal ganglia directly influences the spinal cord?

A

FALSE, the basal ganglia does NOT directly influence the spinal cord but holds important position in motor control loops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the basal ganglia’s influence exerted over the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (motor areas)

2. PPN (Pedunculopontine nucleus of brainstem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?

A
  1. All areas of cerebral cortex

2. Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the basal ganglia send info to?

A
  1. Thalamus

2. PPN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The direct pathway of the basal ganglia does what?

A

Facilitates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia does what?

A

Inhibits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False, the circuits must counterbalance one another?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motor disorder involving some loss of voluntary control and regulation of movement:

A

Dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Motor disorder involving some loss of voluntary control and regulation of movement:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyperkinesia

A

Too much movement (of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypokinesia

A

Too little movement (of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Death of dopamine cells in substantia nigra resulting in inhibition of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common basal ganglia disfunction?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Death of Dopamine cells happens where?

A

Substantia Nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Death of ACh producing cells happens where?

A

PPN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does cell death occur in relation to when signs of PD become apparent?

A

Cell death occurs long before signs of PD become evident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Loss of Dopamine in the BG circuit does what?

A

Reduces activity in the motor areas of the cortex, which decreases voluntary movements (hypokinetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Loss of PPN cells leads to?

A

Excessive contraction of postural muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s (motor) 6 things

A
  1. Rigidity
  2. Hypokinesia
  3. Freezing of gait
  4. Pill-Rolling tremor
  5. Postural Instability
  6. Festinating (shuffling) gait
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cogwheel rigidity

A

In Parkinson’s

Tension in muscle that gives way in passive jerks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of hypokinesia in Parkinson’s

A
  1. Arm swing
  2. Facial expression
  3. Inadequate force production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Freezing of gait? What disorder is it seen in?

A

Movements abruptly cease

Seen in Parkinson’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are symptoms such as arm swing, facial expression and inadequate force production seen? (What disorder)

A

Parkinson’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is postural instability in Parkinson’s Disease caused by?

A

Extreme stiffness of flexors and extensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Festinating (shuffling) Gate: What is is and what disease is it seen in?

A

Slow gait, hard to initiate first step; small shuffling step

Seen in Parkinson’s Disease

30
Q

Visuoperceptive Impairment:

What disease is it seen in?

A

Deficit in using visual info to guide movement
ex: See rug and stop walking
Seen in Parkinson’s Disease

31
Q

Non motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease:

A
  1. Dementia (deterioration of intellectual function)
  2. Depression (Change in brain chemistry)
  3. Psychosis (visual hallucination)
  4. Autonomic Dysfunction (Constipation)
32
Q

Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease:

A
  1. L-Dopa (precursor to dopamine)

2. Invasive Procedures

33
Q

What are the invasive procedures as a treatment in Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Deep brain stimulation (inhibit overactive thalamic neurons)
  2. Neuronal transplantation
34
Q

T or F: Huntington’s Disease is a genetic disorder?

A

True

35
Q

Signs of Huntington Disease:

A

Chorea

Dementia

36
Q

What is Chorea and what disease is it seen in?

A

Involuntary, jerky, rapid movements

Seen in Huntington’s Disease

37
Q

In Huntington’s Disease there is degeneration in many areas, especially the:

A
  1. Striatum

2. Cortex

38
Q

The degeneration of striatum and cortex in Huntington’s Disease causes a decrease of what?

A

Signals from basal ganglia to other regions, causing disinhibition of motor thalamus and PPN

39
Q

Prognosis of Huntington’s Disease

A

No cure

Goal of treatment is to help the person function for as long as possible

40
Q

Athetosis:

A

Continual, uncontrolled writhing

41
Q

Pathology of Cerebral Palsy: Athetoid

A

Damage to Basal Ganglia

42
Q

What happens in Athetoid cerebral palsy:

A

Involuntary unpredictable movements occur

43
Q

T or F: Involuntary unpredictable movements occur even at rest and is often noticeable when the person moves in Athetoid CP?

A

True

44
Q

Functional Implications of Athetoid Cerebral Palsy:

A
  1. Difficulty maintaining an upright, steady position for sitting or walking
  2. Requires great concentration to hold objects
45
Q

Cerebellum controls what?

A

Equilibrium and muscle tone through connections with the vestibular system (gait, balance, stability)

46
Q

Cerebellum coordinates what?

A

Skilled voluntary movements (accuracy)

47
Q

Cerebellum participates in what?

A

Motor learning (sensory)

48
Q

Output from the cerebellum is vital for what?

A

Typical movement

49
Q

T or F: Severe damage to the cerebellum interferes with sensory perception and muscle strength?

A

FALSE, severe damage to the cerebellum does NOT interfere with sensory perception or muscle strength

50
Q

What is impacted if there is severe damage to the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of movement and postural control

51
Q

Vestibulocerebellum does what?

A

Equilibrium

Vestibular system and cerebellum

52
Q

Spinocerebellum does what?

A

Gross limb movements

Spinal cord and cerebellum

53
Q

Cerebrocerebellum does what?

A

Distal limb movements/coordination

Cerebellum and cerebrum (cortex)

54
Q

Unilateral lesions of the cerebellum are ipsilateral or bilateral?

A

Ipsilateral

55
Q

What is a movement disorder common to all lesions of the cerebellum?

A

Ataxia

56
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Involuntary, normal-strength, jerky, inaccurate movements that are not associated with hyperstiffness

57
Q

Truncal Ataxia:

What type of lesion causes it?

A

Postural instability

Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

58
Q

Gait Ataxia:

What type of lesion causes it?

A

Wide based gait with inconsistent foot positioning

Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

59
Q

Limb Ataxia:

What type of lesion causes it?

A

Uncoordinated limbs

Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

60
Q

Types of limb ataxia:

A
  1. Dysdiadokokinesia
  2. Dysmetria
  3. Intention (action) tremor
61
Q

Dysdiadokokinesia: What is it/What is it caused by?

A

Difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements

Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

62
Q

Dysmetria: What is it/What is it caused by?

A

Inability to accurately move intended distance (overshooting/undershooting when reaching for glass)
Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

63
Q

Intention (Action) Tremor: What is it/What is it caused by?

A

Shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

64
Q

T or F: All ataxia is caused by cerebellar lesions?

A

False, not all ataxia is caused by cerebellar lesions

65
Q

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: Rare or common?

A

Rare

66
Q

What is delayed in Ataxic cerebral palsy? Why?

A

Motor development and walking due to ataxia

67
Q

Symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy:

A

Poor coordination, weakness, intention tremor, difficulty walking

68
Q

What can happen to speech in ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

Can be dysarthric (slurred)

69
Q

How does ataxic cerebral palsy affect intelligence?

A

it doesn’t, in most cases the intelligence is normal

70
Q

What is ataxic cerebral palsy characterized by?

A

Low muscle tone, poor coordination of movement, tremors and poor balance

71
Q

What are functional implications of ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

Very unsteady and shaky, making walking and fine motor activities difficult

OT 441: Neuroscience - Summer 2017 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions