Control - Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (12) EXAM 3 Material

Question 1

What is responsible for the link between the idea of movement and the motor expression of that idea?

Answer 1

Basal Ganglia

Question 2

What controls movement from initiation to completion?

Answer 2

Basal Ganglia

Question 3

What does Basal Ganglia regulate in regard to muscles?

Answer 3

Muscle contraction
Muscle force
Sequencing of movement

Question 4

What non-motor functions does the Basal Ganglia regulate?

Answer 4

Emotions
Motivation
Reward
Decision-making 
Goal-directed behavior

Question 5

T or F: The basal ganglia directly influences the spinal cord?

Answer 5

FALSE, the basal ganglia does NOT directly influence the spinal cord but holds important position in motor control loops.

Question 6

How is the basal ganglia’s influence exerted over the spinal cord?

Answer 6

1. Cerebral cortex (motor areas)

2. PPN (Pedunculopontine nucleus of brainstem)

Question 7

Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?

Answer 7

1. All areas of cerebral cortex

2. Thalamus

Question 8

Where does the basal ganglia send info to?

Answer 8

1. Thalamus

2. PPN

Question 9

The direct pathway of the basal ganglia does what?

Answer 9

Facilitates

Question 10

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia does what?

Answer 10

Inhibits

Question 11

True or False, the circuits must counterbalance one another?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Motor disorder involving some loss of voluntary control and regulation of movement:

Answer 12

Dyskinesia

Question 13

Dyskinesia

Answer 13

Motor disorder involving some loss of voluntary control and regulation of movement:

Question 14

Hyperkinesia

Answer 14

Too much movement (of body)

Question 15

Hypokinesia

Answer 15

Too little movement (of body)

Question 16

Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 16

Death of dopamine cells in substantia nigra resulting in inhibition of movement

Question 17

What is the most common basal ganglia disfunction?

Answer 17

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 18

Death of Dopamine cells happens where?

Answer 18

Substantia Nigra

Question 19

Death of ACh producing cells happens where?

Answer 19

PPN

Question 20

When does cell death occur in relation to when signs of PD become apparent?

Answer 20

Cell death occurs long before signs of PD become evident

Question 21

Loss of Dopamine in the BG circuit does what?

Answer 21

Reduces activity in the motor areas of the cortex, which decreases voluntary movements (hypokinetic)

Question 22

Loss of PPN cells leads to?

Answer 22

Excessive contraction of postural muscles

Question 23

Symptoms of Parkinson’s (motor) 6 things

Answer 23

1. Rigidity
2. Hypokinesia
3. Freezing of gait
4. Pill-Rolling tremor
5. Postural Instability
6. Festinating (shuffling) gait

Question 24

Cogwheel rigidity

Answer 24

In Parkinson’s

Tension in muscle that gives way in passive jerks

Question 25

Types of hypokinesia in Parkinson's

Answer 25

1. Arm swing 2. Facial expression 3. Inadequate force production

Question 26

What is Freezing of gait? What disorder is it seen in?

Answer 26

Movements abruptly cease | Seen in Parkinson's Disease

Question 27

Where are symptoms such as arm swing, facial expression and inadequate force production seen? (What disorder)

Answer 27

Parkinson's Disease

Question 28

What is postural instability in Parkinson's Disease caused by?

Answer 28

Extreme stiffness of flexors and extensors

Question 29

Festinating (shuffling) Gate: What is is and what disease is it seen in?

Answer 29

Slow gait, hard to initiate first step; small shuffling step | Seen in Parkinson's Disease

Question 30

Visuoperceptive Impairment: | What disease is it seen in?

Answer 30

Deficit in using visual info to guide movement ex: See rug and stop walking Seen in Parkinson's Disease

Question 31

Non motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease:

Answer 31

1. Dementia (deterioration of intellectual function) 2. Depression (Change in brain chemistry) 3. Psychosis (visual hallucination) 4. Autonomic Dysfunction (Constipation)

Question 32

Treatment of Parkinson's Disease:

Answer 32

1. L-Dopa (precursor to dopamine) | 2. Invasive Procedures

Question 33

What are the invasive procedures as a treatment in Parkinson's?

Answer 33

1. Deep brain stimulation (inhibit overactive thalamic neurons) 2. Neuronal transplantation

Question 34

T or F: Huntington's Disease is a genetic disorder?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Signs of Huntington Disease:

Answer 35

Chorea | Dementia

Question 36

What is Chorea and what disease is it seen in?

Answer 36

Involuntary, jerky, rapid movements | Seen in Huntington's Disease

Question 37

In Huntington's Disease there is degeneration in many areas, especially the:

Answer 37

1. Striatum | 2. Cortex

Question 38

The degeneration of striatum and cortex in Huntington's Disease causes a decrease of what?

Answer 38

Signals from basal ganglia to other regions, causing disinhibition of motor thalamus and PPN

Question 39

Prognosis of Huntington's Disease

Answer 39

No cure | Goal of treatment is to help the person function for as long as possible

Question 40

Athetosis:

Answer 40

Continual, uncontrolled writhing

Question 41

Pathology of Cerebral Palsy: Athetoid

Answer 41

Damage to Basal Ganglia

Question 42

What happens in Athetoid cerebral palsy:

Answer 42

Involuntary unpredictable movements occur

Question 43

T or F: Involuntary unpredictable movements occur even at rest and is often noticeable when the person moves in Athetoid CP?

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Functional Implications of Athetoid Cerebral Palsy:

Answer 44

1. Difficulty maintaining an upright, steady position for sitting or walking 2. Requires great concentration to hold objects

Question 45

Cerebellum controls what?

Answer 45

Equilibrium and muscle tone through connections with the vestibular system (gait, balance, stability)

Question 46

Cerebellum coordinates what?

Answer 46

Skilled voluntary movements (accuracy)

Question 47

Cerebellum participates in what?

Answer 47

Motor learning (sensory)

Question 48

Output from the cerebellum is vital for what?

Answer 48

Typical movement

Question 49

T or F: Severe damage to the cerebellum interferes with sensory perception and muscle strength?

Answer 49

FALSE, severe damage to the cerebellum does NOT interfere with sensory perception or muscle strength

Question 50

What is impacted if there is severe damage to the cerebellum?

Answer 50

Coordination of movement and postural control

Question 51

Vestibulocerebellum does what?

Answer 51

Equilibrium | Vestibular system and cerebellum

Question 52

Spinocerebellum does what?

Answer 52

Gross limb movements | Spinal cord and cerebellum

Question 53

Cerebrocerebellum does what?

Answer 53

Distal limb movements/coordination | Cerebellum and cerebrum (cortex)

Question 54

Unilateral lesions of the cerebellum are ipsilateral or bilateral?

Answer 54

Ipsilateral

Question 55

What is a movement disorder common to all lesions of the cerebellum?

Answer 55

Ataxia

Question 56

What is ataxia?

Answer 56

Involuntary, normal-strength, jerky, inaccurate movements that are not associated with hyperstiffness

Question 57

Truncal Ataxia: | What type of lesion causes it?

Answer 57

Postural instability | Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

Question 58

Gait Ataxia: | What type of lesion causes it?

Answer 58

Wide based gait with inconsistent foot positioning | Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

Question 59

Limb Ataxia: | What type of lesion causes it?

Answer 59

Uncoordinated limbs | Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

Question 60

Types of limb ataxia:

Answer 60

1. Dysdiadokokinesia 2. Dysmetria 3. Intention (action) tremor

Question 61

Dysdiadokokinesia: What is it/What is it caused by?

Answer 61

Difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements | Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

Question 62

Dysmetria: What is it/What is it caused by?

Answer 62

Inability to accurately move intended distance (overshooting/undershooting when reaching for glass) Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

Question 63

Intention (Action) Tremor: What is it/What is it caused by?

Answer 63

Shaking of the limb during voluntary movement | Unilateral lesion of cerebellum

Question 64

T or F: All ataxia is caused by cerebellar lesions?

Answer 64

False, not all ataxia is caused by cerebellar lesions

Question 65

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: Rare or common?

Answer 65

Rare

Question 66

What is delayed in Ataxic cerebral palsy? Why?

Answer 66

Motor development and walking due to ataxia

Question 67

Symptoms of ataxic cerebral palsy:

Answer 67

Poor coordination, weakness, intention tremor, difficulty walking

Question 68

What can happen to speech in ataxic cerebral palsy?

Answer 68

Can be dysarthric (slurred)

Question 69

How does ataxic cerebral palsy affect intelligence?

Answer 69

it doesn't, in most cases the intelligence is normal

Question 70

What is ataxic cerebral palsy characterized by?

Answer 70

Low muscle tone, poor coordination of movement, tremors and poor balance

Question 71

What are functional implications of ataxic cerebral palsy?

Answer 71

Very unsteady and shaky, making walking and fine motor activities difficult