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OT 441: Neuroscience - Summer 2017 > Cognition: Perception & Memory (14) EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Cognition: Perception & Memory (14) EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The integration and interpretation of sensation into meaningful information

A

Perception

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2
Q

T or F, for a deficit in perception, basic sensation must not be in tact?

A

FALSE, basic sensation must be intact

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3
Q

Are most perceptual deficits associated with the right or left hemisphere?

A

Right hemisphere

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4
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities

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5
Q

Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities

A

Agnosia

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6
Q

Tactile Agnosia / Astereognosis

A

Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone

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7
Q

If someone has tactile agnosia/astereognosis, they have a lesion in:

A

R Parietal-temporal-occipital association area (PTO)

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8
Q

Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone

A

Tactile Agnosia / Astereognosis

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9
Q

Visual Object Agnosia

A

Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)

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10
Q

Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)

A

Visual Object Agnosia

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11
Q

What agnosia involves someone having the ability to describe the shape and size of object, but not be able to identify the objects visually?

A

Visual Object Agnosia

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12
Q

If someone has visual object agnosia, where is the lesion?

A

Right PTO (Parietal temporal occipital association area

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13
Q

Visual Object Agnosia

A

Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)

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14
Q

Auditory Agnosia

A

Can hear sounds but not recognize them

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15
Q

Can hear sounds but not recognize them?

A

Auditory Agnosia

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16
Q

Auditory Agnosia: R Lesion

A

Interferes w interpretation of environmental sounds

ex: hear and describe doorbell but not recognize what it is

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17
Q

Auditory Agnosia is a lesion where?

A

R PTO

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18
Q

Auditory Agnosia: L lesion

A

Unable to understand speech (Wernicke’s Area)

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19
Q

What is the only type of agnosia that is caused by a lesion of the L PTO?

A

Alexia

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20
Q

Alexia:

A

Inability to comprehend written language

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21
Q

Inability to comprehend written language:

A

Alexia

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22
Q

Anosognosia:

A

Lack of awareness or denial of severity of paralysis; lack of insight
(someone thinks they can climb ladder or clap and they can’t)

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23
Q

Lack of awareness or denial of severity of paralysis; lack of insight

A

Anosognosia

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24
Q

Lesion where causes Anosognosia?

A

R PTO

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25
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces (can correctly interpret emotional facial expressions and visually recognize other items in the environment)

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26
Q

Inability to recognize familiar faces (can correctly interpret emotional facial expressions and visually recognize other items in the environment)

A

Prosopagnosia

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27
Q

Lesion where causes Prosopagnosia?

A

R PTO

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28
Q

Unilateral Neglect:

A

Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contralateral to brain lesion

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29
Q

Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contralateral to brain lesion

A

Unilateral neglect

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30
Q

What is the tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist?

A

Unilateral Neglect

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31
Q

Other names for unilateral neglect?

A

Hemi-inattention, hemi-spatial neglect, left-neglect

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32
Q

Unilateral neglect is due to a lesion where? (Hemisphere and specific area)

A

Right hemisphere, R PTO area

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33
Q

Unilateral neglect usually occurs with what other deficit?

A

Visual field deficit

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34
Q

The ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eye

A

Visual perception

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35
Q

The ability to perceive or otherwise react to the size, distance, or depth aspects of the environment

A

Spatial perception

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36
Q

Schema’s comprehend spatial relationships; there are schemas for:

A 
The body (mental representation of how body is arranged)
The body in relation to its surroundings
The external world
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37
Q

Visuoperceptual abilities

A

Form discrimination

Figure ground discrimination

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38
Q

Visuospatial Abilities

A

Spatial relations

Topographical orientation

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39
Q

Body schema

A

Body schema awareness
Right/left discrimination
Finger agnosia

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40
Q

Form Discrimination

A

The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects

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41
Q

If a child is having problems distinguishing between similar geometric shapes such as a square, rectangle and diamond, letters such as m and n or words such as hose, horse and house they have what?

A

Problem with form discrimination

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42
Q

Figure ground

A

The ability to differentiate foreground and background forms or objects

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43
Q

The ability to differentiate foreground and background forms or objects

A

Figure ground

44
Q

The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects

A

Form Discrimination

45
Q

Two types of visuoperceptual abilities:

A
  1. Form discrimination

2. Figure ground

46
Q

Two types of visuospatial abilities:

A
  1. Spatial relations

2. Topographical orientation

47
Q

Spatial relations

A

Relating objects to each other or self

48
Q

Determine the location of objects and settings and route to the location

A

Topographical orientation

49
Q

If you have impaired recall and can’t find your way to a very familiar place you might have:

A

Topographic disorientation

50
Q

Finger agnosia

A

Impaired ability to identify the fingers of one’s own and/or those of another person

51
Q

Adult-Onset Apraxia

A

Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement in the absence of paralysis or paresis

52
Q

Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement in the absence of paralysis or paresis

A

Adult-Onset Apraxia

53
Q

Adult-Onset Apraxia is due to damage in what area?

A

Frontal Lobe - Left premotor and supplementary motor area

54
Q

Constructional Apraxia

A

Interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole

55
Q

Interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole

A

Constructional Apraxia

56
Q

Inability to draw and arrange objects correctly in space

A

Constructional apraxia

57
Q

Constructional apraxia is due to damage where?

A

Right PTO

58
Q

Dressing Apraxia

A

Inability to dress oneself

59
Q

Inability to dress oneself

A

Dressing apraxia

60
Q

Types of Limb Apraxia (3):

A
  1. Ideomotor
  2. Ideational
  3. Conceptual
61
Q

Inability to carry out a motor command (such as touch nose)

A

Ideomotor (part of limb apraxia)

62
Q

Inability to create a plan for a specific movement, difficulty sequencing (put toothpaste on toothbrush and put away)

A

Ideational (part of limb apraxia)

63
Q

Difficulty using tools

A

Conceptual (part of limb apraxia)

64
Q

In general, Apraxia’s are on the ____ and Agnosia’s are on the _____

A

Apraxia on L (except construction)

Agnosia on R (except Alexia)

65
Q

What is perception stored that can be brought forward?

A

Memory

66
Q

For something to become a memory it must beL

A

Registered/encoded
Stored
Consolidated
Retrieved

67
Q

Which type of memory maintains goal-relevant information for a short time?

A

Working memory

68
Q

Which type of memory is discrete information, depends on conscious reflection and cognitive processes, and requires attention during recall?

A

Declarative (Explicit)

69
Q

Types of declarative memory:

A

Semantic

Episodic

70
Q

What type of memory deals with facts independent of context? (part of which category)

A

Semantic

Part of declarative (explicit)

71
Q

What type of memory deals with info specific to context? (part of which category?)

A

Episodic

Part of declarative (explicit)

72
Q

Which type of memory involves the recall of skills and habits (motor memory)? (like getting on a bike and riding it after having not done it in a long time)

A

Procedural (implicit)

73
Q

Which type of memory is visual, auditory memory and lasts 1-2 seconds?

A

Immediate memory

74
Q

Which type of memory is a brief storage of stimuli that has been registered and perceived?

A

Short-term memory

75
Q

Which type of memory is lost after a few minutes unless material is continuously rehearsed?

A

Short-term memory

76
Q

Which type of memory can hold about 7 (+ or -) 2 chunks of information?

A

Short-term memory

77
Q

Which type of memory is relatively permanent storage of info processed in ST memory?

A

Long-term memory

78
Q

Which type of memory involves consolidation: conversion of STM to LTM?

A

Long-term memory

79
Q

Which type of memory holds a large capacity?

A

Long-term memory

80
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of semantic and episodic declarative memory (not procedural memory though)

81
Q

Loss of semantic and episodic declarative memory

A

Amnesia

82
Q

Retrograde amnesia:

A

Loss of memory before the precipitating trauma

83
Q

Loss of memory before the precipitating trauma

A

Retrograde amnesia

84
Q

Anterograde amnesia:

A

Loss of memory of events occurring after the injury

85
Q

Loss of memory of events occurring after the injury

A

Anterograde amnesia

86
Q

Which disorder is caused by deficiency in Thiamine (Vitamin B1)?

A

Korsakov’s syndrome

87
Q

Which disorder causes damage to medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus?

A

Korsakov’s syndrome

88
Q

What type of disorder is seen in chronic alcoholism and severe malnutrition?

A

Korsakov’s syndrome

89
Q

Korsakov’s syndrome causes damage to what anatomical structures?

A

Medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

90
Q

Symptoms of Korsakov’s syndrome:

A

Anterograde amnesia

Confabulation

91
Q

Confabulation

A

Creation of false memories (not delusion or lying)

92
Q

What disorder is age-related progressive, irreversible and a brain disorder consisting of memory loss, confusion and disorientation?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

93
Q

When do Alzheimer’s symptoms usually begin?

A

After 65, with risk increasing with age

94
Q

T or F: Alzheimer’s is a normal part of aging?

A

FALSE, it it NOT a normal part of aging

95
Q

T or F: Alzheimer’s can only be late-onset?

A

FALSE, Alzheimer’s can be late or early-onset!

96
Q

T or F: There is no specific test to confirm an AD diagnosis?

A

True

97
Q

Course of Alzheimer’s Disease (steps of degeneration):

A

Signs of forgetfulness –> Inability to recall words –> failure to produce and comprehend language–> get lost easily –> neglect to dress, groom or feed themselves

98
Q

Course of Alzheimer’s:

A

Motion blindness: inability to interpret the flow of visual information (wander and become lost)

99
Q

Uncontrollable emotional outbursts occurs when in the course of Alzheimer’s?

A

Toward the end of progression

100
Q

Tau (a protein) does what in a normal neuron?

A

Forms part of the microtubule support/transport system

101
Q

In Alzheimer’s, what happens to Tau?

A

It is abnormal and twists into tangles (not pinning down filaments in transport system)

102
Q

What does the tau dysfunction cause to happen in Alzheimer’s?

A

Loss of transport system–> neurons cannot function typically and eventually die off

103
Q

Neuritic (Beta-Amyloid) Plaques:

A

Extracellular deposits of amyloid builds up between neurons

104
Q

What does a healthy brain do with the Neuritic plaques?

A

Breaks them down and eliminates them

105
Q

What happens to a person with Alzheimer’s in regard to Neuritic plaques:

A

Fragments accumulate, forming hard, insoluble plaques and interfering with communication (triggers an immune response)

106
Q

What does the loss of connections between neurons responsible for learning and memory cause to happen in a person with Alzheimer’s?

A
  1. Cortical atrophy (shrinkage) due to cell death

2. Degeneration of: cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus

107
Q

Why are there enlarged ventricles in Alzheimer’s?

A

Due to cortical atrophy

OT 441: Neuroscience - Summer 2017 (11 decks)

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