Cognition: Perception & Memory (14) EXAM 4 Flashcards
The integration and interpretation of sensation into meaningful information
Perception
T or F, for a deficit in perception, basic sensation must not be in tact?
FALSE, basic sensation must be intact
Are most perceptual deficits associated with the right or left hemisphere?
Right hemisphere
Agnosia
Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities
Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities
Agnosia
Tactile Agnosia / Astereognosis
Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone
If someone has tactile agnosia/astereognosis, they have a lesion in:
R Parietal-temporal-occipital association area (PTO)
Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone
Tactile Agnosia / Astereognosis
Visual Object Agnosia
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)
Visual Object Agnosia
What agnosia involves someone having the ability to describe the shape and size of object, but not be able to identify the objects visually?
Visual Object Agnosia
If someone has visual object agnosia, where is the lesion?
Right PTO (Parietal temporal occipital association area
Visual Object Agnosia
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision (and no intellectual impairment)
Auditory Agnosia
Can hear sounds but not recognize them
Can hear sounds but not recognize them?
Auditory Agnosia
Auditory Agnosia: R Lesion
Interferes w interpretation of environmental sounds
ex: hear and describe doorbell but not recognize what it is
Auditory Agnosia is a lesion where?
R PTO
Auditory Agnosia: L lesion
Unable to understand speech (Wernicke’s Area)
What is the only type of agnosia that is caused by a lesion of the L PTO?
Alexia
Alexia:
Inability to comprehend written language
Inability to comprehend written language:
Alexia
Anosognosia:
Lack of awareness or denial of severity of paralysis; lack of insight
(someone thinks they can climb ladder or clap and they can’t)
Lack of awareness or denial of severity of paralysis; lack of insight
Anosognosia
Lesion where causes Anosognosia?
R PTO
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces (can correctly interpret emotional facial expressions and visually recognize other items in the environment)
Inability to recognize familiar faces (can correctly interpret emotional facial expressions and visually recognize other items in the environment)
Prosopagnosia
Lesion where causes Prosopagnosia?
R PTO
Unilateral Neglect:
Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contralateral to brain lesion
Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contralateral to brain lesion
Unilateral neglect
What is the tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist?
Unilateral Neglect
Other names for unilateral neglect?
Hemi-inattention, hemi-spatial neglect, left-neglect
Unilateral neglect is due to a lesion where? (Hemisphere and specific area)
Right hemisphere, R PTO area
Unilateral neglect usually occurs with what other deficit?
Visual field deficit
The ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eye
Visual perception
The ability to perceive or otherwise react to the size, distance, or depth aspects of the environment
Spatial perception
Schema’s comprehend spatial relationships; there are schemas for:
The body (mental representation of how body is arranged) The body in relation to its surroundings The external world
Visuoperceptual abilities
Form discrimination
Figure ground discrimination
Visuospatial Abilities
Spatial relations
Topographical orientation
Body schema
Body schema awareness
Right/left discrimination
Finger agnosia
Form Discrimination
The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects
If a child is having problems distinguishing between similar geometric shapes such as a square, rectangle and diamond, letters such as m and n or words such as hose, horse and house they have what?
Problem with form discrimination
Figure ground
The ability to differentiate foreground and background forms or objects
The ability to differentiate foreground and background forms or objects
Figure ground
The ability to perceive differences among objects and positional aspects of objects
Form Discrimination
Two types of visuoperceptual abilities:
- Form discrimination
2. Figure ground
Two types of visuospatial abilities:
- Spatial relations
2. Topographical orientation
Spatial relations
Relating objects to each other or self
Determine the location of objects and settings and route to the location
Topographical orientation
If you have impaired recall and can’t find your way to a very familiar place you might have:
Topographic disorientation
Finger agnosia
Impaired ability to identify the fingers of one’s own and/or those of another person
Adult-Onset Apraxia
Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement in the absence of paralysis or paresis
Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement in the absence of paralysis or paresis
Adult-Onset Apraxia
Adult-Onset Apraxia is due to damage in what area?
Frontal Lobe - Left premotor and supplementary motor area
Constructional Apraxia
Interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole
Interferes with the ability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole
Constructional Apraxia
Inability to draw and arrange objects correctly in space
Constructional apraxia
Constructional apraxia is due to damage where?
Right PTO
Dressing Apraxia
Inability to dress oneself
Inability to dress oneself
Dressing apraxia
Types of Limb Apraxia (3):
- Ideomotor
- Ideational
- Conceptual
Inability to carry out a motor command (such as touch nose)
Ideomotor (part of limb apraxia)
Inability to create a plan for a specific movement, difficulty sequencing (put toothpaste on toothbrush and put away)
Ideational (part of limb apraxia)
Difficulty using tools
Conceptual (part of limb apraxia)
In general, Apraxia’s are on the ____ and Agnosia’s are on the _____
Apraxia on L (except construction)
Agnosia on R (except Alexia)
What is perception stored that can be brought forward?
Memory
For something to become a memory it must beL
Registered/encoded
Stored
Consolidated
Retrieved
Which type of memory maintains goal-relevant information for a short time?
Working memory
Which type of memory is discrete information, depends on conscious reflection and cognitive processes, and requires attention during recall?
Declarative (Explicit)
Types of declarative memory:
Semantic
Episodic
What type of memory deals with facts independent of context? (part of which category)
Semantic
Part of declarative (explicit)
What type of memory deals with info specific to context? (part of which category?)
Episodic
Part of declarative (explicit)
Which type of memory involves the recall of skills and habits (motor memory)? (like getting on a bike and riding it after having not done it in a long time)
Procedural (implicit)
Which type of memory is visual, auditory memory and lasts 1-2 seconds?
Immediate memory
Which type of memory is a brief storage of stimuli that has been registered and perceived?
Short-term memory
Which type of memory is lost after a few minutes unless material is continuously rehearsed?
Short-term memory
Which type of memory can hold about 7 (+ or -) 2 chunks of information?
Short-term memory
Which type of memory is relatively permanent storage of info processed in ST memory?
Long-term memory
Which type of memory involves consolidation: conversion of STM to LTM?
Long-term memory
Which type of memory holds a large capacity?
Long-term memory
Amnesia
Loss of semantic and episodic declarative memory (not procedural memory though)
Loss of semantic and episodic declarative memory
Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia:
Loss of memory before the precipitating trauma
Loss of memory before the precipitating trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia:
Loss of memory of events occurring after the injury
Loss of memory of events occurring after the injury
Anterograde amnesia
Which disorder is caused by deficiency in Thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
Korsakov’s syndrome
Which disorder causes damage to medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus?
Korsakov’s syndrome
What type of disorder is seen in chronic alcoholism and severe malnutrition?
Korsakov’s syndrome
Korsakov’s syndrome causes damage to what anatomical structures?
Medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
Symptoms of Korsakov’s syndrome:
Anterograde amnesia
Confabulation
Confabulation
Creation of false memories (not delusion or lying)
What disorder is age-related progressive, irreversible and a brain disorder consisting of memory loss, confusion and disorientation?
Alzheimer’s Disease
When do Alzheimer’s symptoms usually begin?
After 65, with risk increasing with age
T or F: Alzheimer’s is a normal part of aging?
FALSE, it it NOT a normal part of aging
T or F: Alzheimer’s can only be late-onset?
FALSE, Alzheimer’s can be late or early-onset!
T or F: There is no specific test to confirm an AD diagnosis?
True
Course of Alzheimer’s Disease (steps of degeneration):
Signs of forgetfulness –> Inability to recall words –> failure to produce and comprehend language–> get lost easily –> neglect to dress, groom or feed themselves
Course of Alzheimer’s:
Motion blindness: inability to interpret the flow of visual information (wander and become lost)
Uncontrollable emotional outbursts occurs when in the course of Alzheimer’s?
Toward the end of progression
Tau (a protein) does what in a normal neuron?
Forms part of the microtubule support/transport system
In Alzheimer’s, what happens to Tau?
It is abnormal and twists into tangles (not pinning down filaments in transport system)
What does the tau dysfunction cause to happen in Alzheimer’s?
Loss of transport system–> neurons cannot function typically and eventually die off
Neuritic (Beta-Amyloid) Plaques:
Extracellular deposits of amyloid builds up between neurons
What does a healthy brain do with the Neuritic plaques?
Breaks them down and eliminates them
What happens to a person with Alzheimer’s in regard to Neuritic plaques:
Fragments accumulate, forming hard, insoluble plaques and interfering with communication (triggers an immune response)
What does the loss of connections between neurons responsible for learning and memory cause to happen in a person with Alzheimer’s?
- Cortical atrophy (shrinkage) due to cell death
2. Degeneration of: cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
Why are there enlarged ventricles in Alzheimer’s?
Due to cortical atrophy
