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anatomy and physiology H+S > control and regulatory- LO5 > Flashcards

control and regulatory- LO5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous sytem?

A

A specialised network of cells in the human body and is our primary internal communication system.

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2
Q

What are the two functions of the nervous sytem?

A
  • To co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells.
  • To collect, process and respond to information in the environment.
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3
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A
  • The brain and the spinal cord.
  • Brain is centre of all conscious awareness.
  • Spinal cord is an extension of the brain, responsible for reflex actions.
  • CNS passes messages to and from the brain and connnects nerves to the PNS.
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4
Q

What is the main function of the spinal cord?

A

To reply to information about whats happening inside and outside your body to and from your brain.

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous sytem?

A
  • Transmits messages via millions of neurons, to and from the CNS.
  • Subvided into somatic and autonomic systems.
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6
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic systems?

A

Somatic is voluntary movement and autonomic is involuntary movement.

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7
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic: increases sweat glands, energy, heart rate and blood pressure.
Parasympathetic: conserves energy, decreases heart rate and increases salivation and digestion

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8
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A cell that conducts nerve impulses.

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a neuron?

A

Contains the cells chromosomal DNA.

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10
Q

What is the function of the node of ranvier in a neuron?

A

Let electrical impulses travel quicker.

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11
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

A

Insulates/ protects the axon from external influences that might affect the transmission of the nerve impulse down the axon.

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12
Q

What is the function of the axon in a neuron?

A

It is where electrical signals pass along.

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell body in a neuron?

A

Contains the nucleus.

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14
Q

What is the function of the synaptic knob in a neuron?

A

Recieves nerve impulses/signals from the adjacent neuron.

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15
Q

What is the function of a dendrite in a neuron?

A

Produces neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synapse to stimulate the nerve cell. It helps transmit impulses from one cell to another.

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16
Q

what is a synapse?

A

Small gap between a neuron and another neuron, or a neuron and a muscle.

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17
Q

What is a sensory nueron?

A
  • Carries electrical signals (nerve impulses) towards the CNS.
  • The signal starts in a receptor which detects a change.
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18
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A
  • Carries nerve impulses away from the CNS.
  • Neuron ends in either a muscle or gland, which are effectors.
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19
Q

What is a relay neuron?

A

Carries nerve impulses within the CNS.

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20
Q

What is the function of the medulla in the brain?

A
  • Unconscious control
  • Controls involuntary things, for example, heart and breathing rate.
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21
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe in the brain?

A

Controls thought, memory, problem solving, planning, cognitive and social behaviours and movements such as facial expressions.

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22
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

A

Helps maintain body temperature and produces hormones that control the pituitary gland.

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23
Q

What is the function of the cerebullum in the brain?

A

Controls muscle action and store memory of learnt muscle actions.

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24
Q

What is the function of the Meninges in the brain?

A

Protect your CNS from trauma injury to your brain.
- acts a shock absorber

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25
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex in the brain?

A
  • divide into two hemispheres
  • each hemisphere controls one side of the body
  • controls emotions, thoughts and personality
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26
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger produced by glands which travel in the blood.

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27
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

A

Produces insulin which lowers blood sugar (glucose levels).

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28
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?

A

Produces adrenaline which prepares the body in times of stress or danger.

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29
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

A

Handles and directs numerous hormone functions.

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30
Q

What is the fucntion pf the thyroid gland in the endocrine system?

A

Controls growth and regulates metabolism.

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31
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

Controls water and ion levels in the body and the removal of waste substances from the blood.

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32
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of waste substances from the blood.

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33
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of the amino group.

34
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Controlling water and ion levels in the body.

35
Q

What is the regulation of water in the kidneys when there is too little?

A

1.) hypothalamus detects water level.
2.) pituitary gland releases ADH.
3.) more water is reabsorbed in the kidneys.
4.) less water is lost in the urine.
5.) blood water level returns to normal.

36
Q

What is the regulation of water in the kidneys when there is too much?

A

1.) hypothalamus detects water level.
2.) pituitary gland releases less ADH.
3.) less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys.
4.) more water is lost in the urine.
5.) blood water levels return to normal.

37
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

A
  • produces insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels.
  • produces glucagon, which increases blood sugar levels.
  • controls and regulates blood sugar levels.
38
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A
  • produces enzymes (lipase and amylase), which breaks down food (fat, carbohydrates and protein) molecules.
  • produces pancreatic juice, which neutralises stomach acid and also breaks down food.
39
Q

What is the glucose cycle?

A

1- normal glucose concentration.
2- glucose concentration increases.
3- more insulin is produced.
4- glucose levels in blood decreases and glucose is converted into glycogen.
5- more glycogen is produced.
6- not enough glucose in the blood and glucose concentration decreases.

40
Q

What is ms (multiple sclerosis)?

A

When the myelin sheath in your neurons is broken down by your own immune system.

41
Q

What are three symptoms of ms?

A

unclear speech
blurred vision
shaking/tremors

42
Q

What is a biological cause of ms?

A

An autoimmune disease that attacks the body, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath which could cause it to become inflamed, damaged and destroyed. This could leave permanent damage to the neuron causing a break down in information which should be transferred from neuron to neuron.

43
Q

What are three risk factors of ms?

A

viral infection
lack of vitamin d/sunlight
smoking

44
Q

What are three treatments of ms?

A

MS CANNOT BE TREATED.
physiotherapy can be used to reduce stiffness and muscle spasms.
prescribed medicine (amantadine) for fatigue
daily exercise for mobility problems

45
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When the blood supply to the brain is cut off.

46
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A

ischaemic stroke- blood clot blocks the artery in the cortex which prevents blood with oxygen and nutrients getting to the cortex cells which means that the cells die.

haemorrhagic stroke- weakened blood vessel in the cortex bursts causing the blood not being able to reach the cortex cells.

47
Q

What are three symptoms of a stroke?

A

confusion
severe headaches
speech difficulties

48
Q

What are three risk factors of a stroke?

A

high fat intake
diabetes
high blood pressure

49
Q

What are some treatments for a stroke?

A

medication to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure

blood thinners

surgery to either repair blood vessels or remove clots

50
Q

What is the biological cause for an ischaemic stroke?

A

A blood clot forms and blocks arteries to the brain. this will restrict oxygenated blood from getting to the brain and the cells. a consequence pf this is that the brain cells will die from not having enough oxygen. neurons and neuron pathways are then killed.

51
Q

What is the biological cause for a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

a weakened artery bursts causing the oxygenated blood to leak out into the brain but outside of the vessels, this is restricting the blood from accessing the cortex cells to supply them with oxygen. a consequence of this is that the brain cells will die from not having enough oxygen.

52
Q

What are three lifestyle changes for a stroke?

A

reduce fat and salt intake in diet as it could increase blood pressure.

stop smoking, so arteries wont get damaged and it reduces blood pressure.

lose weight as it will also reduce blood pressure.

53
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

When healthy liver tissue is replaced by non-functioning scar tissue.

54
Q

What are three symptoms of cirrhosis?

A

vomitting blood
itchy skin
dark pee

55
Q

What are two causes and effects of cirrhosis?

A

drinking too much alcohol disrupts the ability to break down toxins.

hepatitis infection over a long period of time means that your liver cells will be damaged.

56
Q

How can cirrhosis be monitored?

A

Liver function tests are blood tests done in people with cirrhosis to both diagnose and monitor the progression of the disease. The tests measure the levels of substances such as platelets and liver enzymes. A variety of different scans can be used to diagnose cirrhosis such as MRI to offer clear imaging of soft tissue damage in the liver.

57
Q

What are three risk factors of cirrhosis?

A

smoking
being unvaccinated
high blood pressure

58
Q

What are three lifestyle impacts of cirrhosis?

A

getting vaccinations done they help prevent you from getting ill and not catching diseases.

staying hygeneic and sanitary as it helps reduce the risk of viral infections.

reduce alcohol intake/stop drinking alcohol as the liver cant break down the alcohol, so it goes to the brain and causes confusion.

59
Q

What are two treatments for cirrhosis?

A

A liver transplant- if the liver is too damaged to repair or to continue working the only option is to replace it with a transplant.

Blood pressure medication- medication that reduces your blood pressure in your portal vein (main vein that transports blood from the gut ont the liver).

60
Q

what hormone does the pituitary gland release?

A

somatotropin- growth hormone

61
Q

what hormone does the thyroid gland release?

A

thyroxine- regulates your metabolism

62
Q

what hormone does your pancreas release?

A

insulin- converts glucose to glycogen.

63
Q

what hormone does the adrenal glands release?

A

adrenalin- increases heart and breathing rate.

64
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

it is an autoimmune disease where your pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin, or produces too little

65
Q

what are two symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • feeling tired
  • urinating more often
66
Q

what are three causes/risk factors of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • genetics
  • age (teens, children)
  • viral infections
67
Q

what are two diagnosis for type 1?

A
  • blood test
  • urine test
68
Q

what are two treatments for type 1?

A

it cant be cured only controlled
- insuling injections
- monitoring blood sugar levels
- eating healthy

69
Q

what impacts does type 1 have on lifestyle?

A
  • limits food choices
  • daily injections
  • affect daily emotions
70
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

the body decreases insulin production in the pancreas and the body becomes resistant to insulin

71
Q

what are 3 symptoms of type 2?

A
  • urinating more often
  • feeling more thirsty
  • extreme fatigue
72
Q

what are threee causes/risk factors of type 2?

A
  • having prediabetes
  • obesity
  • old age
73
Q

what are the diagnosis for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • haemoglobin test- indiccates average blood sugar levels for past 2-3 months. below 5.7% is normal, but above that indicates diabetes or prediabetes
74
Q

what are treatmnets for type 2?

A

there is no treatments can only be controlled
- losing weight
- eating healthy
- insulin and other medications to lower blood pressure

75
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome?

A

a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine

76
Q

what are two symptoms of nephrotic sydnrome?

A
  • weight gain
  • fatigue
77
Q

what are the causes for nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • diabetes
  • sickle cell anaemia
  • inflammation inside the kidney
78
Q

what is diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • blood test
  • urine test
  • liver biopsy
79
Q

what is a treatment of nephrotic syndrome?

A

it cannot be cured only controlled
- blood pressure medications

80
Q

impacts of nephrotic syndrome on lifetsyle?

A
  • tiredness
  • breathlessness
  • increase in blood clots
  • swelling/increased body weight

anatomy and physiology H+S (4 decks)

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