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anatomy and physiology H+S > cardiovascular system- LO1 > Flashcards

cardiovascular system- LO1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway for deoxygenated bloood?

A

body-> vena cava-> right atrium-> tricuspid valve-> right ventricle-> pulmonary valve-> pulmonary artery-> lungs

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2
Q

what is the pathway for oxygenated blood?

A

lungs-> pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> bicuspid valve-> left ventricle-> aortic valve-> aorta-> body

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3
Q

why is the heart seen as a double pump?

A
  • two atriums contract and then the two ventricles contract which makes the heart beat.
  • the right side carries deoxygenated blood to your lungs and the left oxygenated blood to your body.
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4
Q

what are the 6 components of blood?

A

platelets
erythrocytes (RBC)
lymphocytes
neutrophils
monocytes
plasma

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5
Q

what are two facts about platelets?

A
  • forms clots which stops bleeding
  • they float in the blood
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6
Q

what are two facts about erythrocytes (RBC)?

A
  • carry oxygen to your lungs and body.
  • no nucleus to create a larger surface area which creates more room for haemoglobin.
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7
Q

what are two facts about neutrophils?

A
  • first immune cells to respond
  • destroy micro organisms by ingesting them and releasing enzymes that kill them.
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8
Q

what are two facts about monocytes?

A
  • destroy bacteria and viruses
  • help with healing and repairing of the body
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9
Q

what are two facts about plasma?

A
  • transports different cells around in the blood
  • watery solution, that waters down blood
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10
Q

what is a fact about lymphocytes?

A

produce antibodies which can destroy harmful pathogens

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11
Q

what are three main functions of the blood?

A
  • fights infections
  • clots wounds
  • helps maintain temperature
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12
Q

what happens in the cardiac cycle?

A

1.) SA node recieves an electrical signal which causes the atria to contract.
2.) pushes the blood to the ventricles.
3.) AV node delays signal, waiting for the ventricles to fill with blood.
4.) travels down the bundle of his and around the purkinje fibres.
5.) ventricles relax, heart relax/ diastole.

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13
Q

what is atrial sytole?

A
  • atria contract
  • blood is forced from atria into the ventricle.
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14
Q

what is ventricular systole?

A
  • ventricle contracts
  • blood is forced into the arteries
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15
Q

what is diastole?

A
  • heart relaxes and fills with blood from the veins.
  • valves closed to blood entering through arteries.
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16
Q

what is an ecg, what does it test and how is it performed?

A
  • a test to check heart rhythms and electrical activity.
  • check for heart conditions.
  • electrodes ( small plastic patches) are placed at certain points. electrodes are connected to an ECG machine by lead wires.
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17
Q

what can an ECG tell us about the heart?

A
  • show if the heart rate is irregular which could indicate an abnormal heart condition.
  • p wave at the beginning shows atrial contraction and the T wave at the end shows the ventricles relaxing.
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18
Q

explain two differences between the structure of veins and arteries?

A
  • a vein has thin walls and arteries have thick walls as needed to withstand higher pressure.
  • arteries have no valves, veins do as lower pressure in veins require safety mechanism to prevent backflow.
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19
Q

what is the structure, main role and characterisitics of an artey?

A

structure- very thin, 5 micrometres, one cell thick,thin so RBC can pass through.
characteristics- no valves, one cell thick, permeable (to allow oxygen, nutrients and waste to pass through).
main role- exchange of materials between blood and tissue cells.

20
Q

what is the structure, main role and characteristics of an artery?

A

structure- three layers thick and has thick walls
main role- caryy oxygenated blood from you heart to your body and organs.
characteristics- located deep in the muscles, has no valves thick layer of muscle tissue.

21
Q

what is the structure, main role and characteristics of a vein?

A

structure- thin outer layer, thin inner layer of muscle and elastic, wide central lumen.
main role- collect deoxygenated blood and take it to your heart.
characteristics- thin walled, less elastic, has vlaves, holds a very high percentage of blood.

22
Q

what is a varicose vein?

A

a swollen blood vessel

23
Q

what are symptoms of varicose veins?

A
  • swollen purple/blue veins
  • skin ulcers
  • muscle aches
24
Q

what are treatments for varicose veins?

A

laser surgery
stripping
injections

25
Q

what is a lymphatic system?

A

loads of lymph vessels and nodes, to get rid of waste products and toxins

26
Q

what are three main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • to fight infections
  • one way drainage system, transport fluid from body tissue into blood circulation
  • gets rid of waste products produced by cells
27
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

the pressure leftover by a fluid at equilibrium at any time due to the force of gravity.

  • leftover pressure
28
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries.

29
Q

what is the difference between diastole and systole blood pressure?

A

systolic pressure is the top number and diastolic pressure is the bottom number which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.

30
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

to transport oxygenated blood towards the heart muscle.

31
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

32
Q

what is the cause of hypertension?

A

when the arteries narrow and are stiff, which causes the heart to overwork. this raises blood pressure and can damage the arteries.

33
Q

what are three symptoms of hypertension?

A
  • chest pain
  • dizziness
  • blurred sight
34
Q

what are three risk factors of hypertension?

A
  • drinking alcohol
  • obesity
  • old age
35
Q

how can you monitor hypertension?

A

either ECG’s or blood pressure monitors

36
Q

how can you treat hypertension?

A

BETA blockers- they slow the heart down

37
Q

what can hypertension lead to?

A

heart attack
stroke
heart disease

38
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

when blood flow down from the heart is interrupted or reduced, blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed or blocked.

39
Q

what is the cause for coronary heart disease?

A

plaque builds up in the wall of the arteries, which ruptures, causing a blood clot to form and completely blocks the artery, stopping the blood flow.

40
Q

what are three symptoms of chd?

A
  • chest pain
  • nausea
  • shortness of breath
41
Q

what are three risk factors of chd?

A

old age
obesity
drinking alcohol

42
Q

how can you monitor chd?

A

Regular ECG checkups or x-rays

43
Q

how can chd be treated?

A

stents, wolverin (blood thinners)

44
Q

what can chd lead to?

A

heart failure
heart attack
stroke
death

45
Q

what is the formation of tissue fluid and lymph?

A

1.) plasma escapes into capillary, tissues and nutrients pass into cells.
2.) 90% of excess fluid and waste is transported back through blood vessels.
3.) 10% of excess fluid drains into the lymph vessels.
4.) lymph is then transported up to lymphoyctes, this is lymphocytes kill any bacteria.
5.) filtered lymph re enters bloodstream.

anatomy and physiology H+S (4 decks)

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