Contribution of agencies in achieving social control

Question 1

What are the different tactics and measures that agencies use to achieve social control ?

Answer 1

• environmental design
• behavioural tactics
• institutional tactics
• gaps in state provision

Question 2

What are the three types of environmental design?

Answer 2

• CPTED
• Prison design
• Gated lanes

Question 3

What does CPTED stand for?

Answer 3

Crime prevention through environmental design

Question 4

What is CPTED based on?

Answer 4

it is based on the idea that crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment.

Question 5

How can crime be reduced with CPTED?

Answer 5

• creating open spaces with strong lighting to provide clear visibility
• a lack of hiding spaced so people can see around places such as corners
• low level bushes allowing a clear visible site line

Question 6

What are the benefits and negatives of CPTED?

Answer 6

• It can relate to the functionalist view of crime where positive boundary maintenance is achieved
• It suggests that criminals operate in hidden places which is not always true and it may be that crime is displaced to another area rather than being prevented

Question 7

What is the name of the two prison designs?

Answer 7

• panopticon
• supermax

Question 8

What is the traditional prison design called?

Answer 8

Panopticon

Question 9

What is the concept for the panopticon prison?

Answer 9

• It allows for all the prisoners to be observed without them being able to tell.
• The prisoners can be seen but they cannot communicate with the prison officers

Question 10

What does the panopticon design ensure?

Answer 10

it ensure that there is a sense of permanent visibility that ensures the functioning of power.

Question 11

What is the objective for supermax prisons?

Answer 11

to provide long-term, segregated housing for prisoners who represent the highest security risks.

Question 12

What has the government promised for prisons?

Answer 12

They have promised to increase prison building, with a commitment of £4 billion to build a total of 18,000 prison places.

Question 13

What are gated lanes?

Answer 13

These are gates that are installed at the entrance to rear alleyways in order to deter burglars or other criminals.

Question 14

What are the benefits and negatives of gated lanes?

Answer 14

• In Preston, Lancashire, it has been proved to be popular with residents and has made them feel as though they can reclaim their streets.
• It approximately costs £4,000 to provide one gate at either end of an alley, it is too costly to justify.

Question 15

What are the two behavioural tactics to achieve social control?

Answer 15

• ASBO
• Token Economy

Question 16

What are behavioural tactics?

Answer 16

Tactics used by agencies to change a person’s behaviour to make them more socially compliant.

Question 17

Why are ASBOs used?

Answer 17

they are used to limit and correct low-level anti-social behaviour which would often involve swearing and drinking

Question 18

What are the negatives for ASBOs ?

Answer 18

• Many critics suggested that the offenders viewed them as a badge of honour.
• they were regularly breached and according to the civil rights group liberty , 56% of ASBOs were breached in 2009

Question 19

What is a CBO ?

Answer 19

it is used against anti-social offenders who have committed behaviour that has caused harassment, alarm and distress

Question 20

What happens if a person is given a CBO?

Answer 20

under the order, a person who has been convicted would be banned from taking part in certain activities or going to certain places

Question 21

What happens if a CBO is breached?

Answer 21

If a CBO is breached an adult can face up to 5 years in prison

Question 22

What is token economy?

Answer 22

it is a method that tries to control behaviour, they are based on the psychological concept of behaviour modification. This means rewarding positive behaviour and punishing negative behaviour.

Question 23

What agency uses token economy to control behaviour?

Answer 23

Prison services

Question 24

What happens if the offenders show desirable behaviour?

Answer 24

the individuals will be given tokens which can then be exchanged for a reward such as wear their own clothes and have extra visits with friends and family

Question 25

What happens if the offenders show undesirable behaviour?

Answer 25

their privileges will be taken off them

Question 26

What are the negatives and positives of token economy?

Answer 26

• research has showed that it is effective in the long-term rather than the short-term
• when the offender is released from prison, they will not have token economy implemented in their every day life meaning they will not want to behave positively because they know they will not be rewarded if they do so.

Question 27

What are the negatives and positives of token economy?

Answer 27

• research has showed that it is effective in the long-term rather than the short-term
• when the offender is released from prison, they will not have token economy implemented in their every day life meaning they will not want to behave positively because they know they will not be rewarded if they do so.

Question 28

What can create gaps in state provision?

Answer 28

• unreported crime
• budget cuts

Question 29

Unreported crime

Answer 29

• the police cam only detect crime if it is brought to to their attention
• if the police are unaware of the crime, it can never be punished
• it is estimated that unreported crime can account for a large percentage of crime, even larger than the percentage reported to the police.

Question 30

Budget cuts

Answer 30

• it can have an impact upon criminal cases being tackled especially within the police service
• there is a lack of police officers and there are too many cases that ae being dealt with by cautions and money is inevitably something that produces a gap in state provision