Contrast media

Question 1

“dyes” are special liquids that is used to enhance the differences between body tissues on images during a radiographic scan/ examination

Answer 1

contrast media

Question 2

Examination that is commonly requested contrast enhancement

Answer 2

1. Digestive System - barium enema (large intestine or colon)
2. Biliary System - cholescintigraphy
3. Urinary System - intravenous pyelogram
4. Reproductive System - hysterosalpingography
5. Circulatory System - cardiac catheterization
6. Circulatory System - brain scan

Question 3

Types of scan that typically requires the use of contrast media

Answer 3

MRI
* CT Scan
* Fluoroscopic procedures

Question 4

• higher atomic weight than surrounding tissue
• absorb more photons and will produce lower radiographic density than the tissue surrounding it
• Barium Sulphate, and Iodinated CM

Answer 4

Positive (radiopaque)

Question 5

• lower atomic weight than surrounding tissue
• will absorb fewer photons and will produce higher radiographic density than the tissue surrounding it.
• gases like air, O2, CO2

Answer 5

Negative (radiolucent)

Question 6

2 TYPES OF CONTRAST MEDIA

Answer 6

1. GADOLINIUM for MRI Scans
2. IODINATED dyes for CT Scans and other radiographic or fluoroscopic procedures

Question 7

is a chemical element; it has the symbol Gd and atomic number 64; is a non-toxic paramagnetic contrast enhancement agent

Answer 7

Gadolinium

Question 8

• is a chemical element; it has the symbol I and atomic number 53.
• A non-metallic & is used to enhance the image that uses x-ray.

Answer 8

Iodine

Question 9

the concentration (how many) of dissolved particles in a solution

Answer 9

osmolality

Question 10

2 TYPES OF IODINE-BASED CONTRAST MEDIA

Answer 10

1. IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA
2. NON IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA

Question 11

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CM REACTIONS

Answer 11

1. Dose-Dependent reactions
2. Dose – Independent reactions

Question 12

Will occur when high doses (HOCM) or high flow rate (means how fast the substance is injected) of CM are used

Answer 12

Dose-Dependent reactions

Question 13

reactions would still occur in some patients even at low dosage and flowrates, low osmolality, and will occur even if no known predisposing factors/conditions

Answer 13

Dose – Independent reactions

Question 14

Metallic taste, Nausea & vomiting, itchiness, dizziness, flushing, sneezing, skin rash, chills, heat sensation

Answer 14

Mild/Minor reaction (3%)

Question 15

Tachycardia/Bradycardia (heart rates), Hypertension /hypotension, coughing & wheezing/bronchospasm (maybe due to Pulmonary edema/Laryngeal Edema) severe hives, Dyspnea (shortness of breath), severe skin rash.

Answer 15

Moderate reaction (1%)

Question 16

extremely low blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, convulsions, unresponsiveness, anaphylactic shock

Answer 16

Severe reaction (0.02%)

Question 17

extravasation (pain and swelling due to CM leakage outside the vein, Inflammation and pain and burning sensation

Answer 17

Injection site reaction (0.9%)

Question 18

refers to a leakage of medication or contrast medium that is vesicant (have the ability to irritate tissues) from a vein rupture

Answer 18

Extravasation

Question 19

refers to diffusion of injected material into adjacent tissues that is a non-vesicant (does not irritate tissue)

Answer 19

Infiltration

Question 20

are drugs that can result in tissue necrosis or the formation of blisters when accidentally infused into tissue surrounding a vein.

Answer 20

Vesicants

Question 21

compress causes local vasodilatation, and promotes absorption of the drug

Answer 21

warm

Question 22

compress causes vasoconstriction limiting diffusion of drugs in tissue and it reduces inflammation and pain

Answer 22

cold

Question 23

refers to the broader concept of entering the vein either to withdraw blood or to administer and IV for an extended period

Answer 23

Venipuncture

Question 24

uses a needle to draw blood specimens from a vein in the arm, it’s limited to blood sample collection of laboratory specimens for testing

Answer 24

Phlebotomy

Question 25

High risk group

Answer 25

1. Pediatric patients 2. Geriatric patients 3. Diabetic Patients 4. Patients with Cardiac impairment 5. Patients with renal impairment 6. Asthmatic patients 7. Patient with a history of CM reactions 8. Patients with a wide history of allergies

Question 26

Special considerations or factors that would alter the type and volume of contrast used on an individual patient

Answer 26

1. age (contrast agents on children and the elderly can be particularly hazardous) 2. weight 3. medications 4. patients with impaired renal or liver function must be adequately assessed before an iodinated contrast 5. Laboratory result (high Creatinine, high Blood Urea Nitrogen or BUN) 6. perforated bowel

Question 27

Priority patients for diagnostic imaging studies

Answer 27

1. Fasting patients 2. Emergency patients. 3. Pediatric and geriatric patients who are NPO. 4. Diabetics having to put off taking insulin due to an exam that requires them to be NPO the morning of the exam