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Women and Neonatal Health > Contraception, Abortion, Infertility > Flashcards

Contraception, Abortion, Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

contraception

A

intentional prevention of pregnancy during sexual intercourse

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2
Q

birth control

A

the device or practice that decreases the risk of conceiving

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3
Q

family planning

A

the conscious decision on when to conceive throughout the reproductive years

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4
Q

natural family planning/fertility awareness-based methods

A

abstinence
coitus interruptus
calendar rhythm
standard days method
basal body temperature
2-day method
Billings method/cervical

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5
Q

abstinence

A

refraining from sexual intercourse
most effective method of BC
can eliminate risk of STD spread
requires self control
high failure rate

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6
Q

coitus interruptus

A

“withdrawal”, pull out method
one of the least effective forms of BC
pre-ejaculatory fluid can contain sperm
no protection against STDs

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7
Q

calendar rhythm method

A

tracking menstrual cycle to determine time of ovulation
must count at least six cycles
most useful in combo w BBT or cervical mucus

start of fertile period: # of days in shortest cycle - 18
end of fertile period: # of days in longest cycle - 11
fertile period is between these days ^, so abstain from intercourse

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8
Q

standard days method/cycle beads

A

unreliable for cycles longer than 32 days of shorter than 26 days
red bead- first, marks first day of menstrual cycle
brown beads- nonfertile days
white beads- fertile days

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9
Q

basal body temperature BBT

A

temp rises during ovulation, dropping right before
most effective in use with calendar method
take temp immediately upon waking
the first day the temp drops or elevates is the first fertile day
fertility extends through 3 consecutive days of temp elevations

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10
Q

2 day method

A

check for PRESENCE of vaginal secretions daily
after 2 days without the presence of vaginal secretions, the fertile period has passed
avoid sex when vaginal secretions are present for 2 days in a row

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11
Q

billings method/cervical mucus ovulation detection

A

analyze cervical mucus to determine ovulation
good hygiene
begin from last day of menstrual cycle
spinnbarkeit sign- stretchy ovulatory discharge during ovulation (like egg whites)
fertile period: when the mucus is thin and slipper until four days after it last appears this way

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12
Q

barrier methods

A

male condom
female condom
spermicide
diaphragm
cervical cap
contraceptive sponge

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13
Q

male condom

A

protects against UTIs
made of latex, polyurethane, or natural membrane
only use water soluble lube

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14
Q

female condoms

A

protect against STIs
made of nitrile, a ring that is pre-lubricated with spermicide
do not use w male condoms

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15
Q

spermicide

A

decreases sperm mobility
available OTC
insert at least 15 min (but no longer than 1 hr) before sex
do not remove until 6 hrs after sex
must reapply with each act
nonoxynol-9 increases risk of HIV if used more than twice daily

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16
Q

diaphragm

A

cup with rim made of silicone covering the cervix
spermicide must be reapplied with each act
must stay in place for at least 6 hours after sex
can be reused but replace after 2 years
wash with warm water and mild soap
requires prescription
risk for toxic shock syndrome (signs: high fever, faint feeling, macular rash, hypotension, diarrhea, HA, muscle aches)
not for pts who have frequent UTIs, history of TSS, cystocele, or uterine prolapse

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17
Q

cervical cap

A

silicone rubber cap that fits tightly around the base of the cervix
replace every 2 years
no additional application of spermicide needed
not for pts who have abnormal pap results or history of TSS

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18
Q

contraceptive sponge

A

concave polyurethane sponge containing spermicide, fits over cervix
one size fits all
provides protection for up to 24 hrs

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19
Q

hormonal methods

A

combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
progestin-only pill (minipill)
emergency oral contraceptive
transdermal contraceptive patch
injectable progestins
contraceptive vaginal ring
implantable progestin
intrauterine device (IUD)

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20
Q

combined oral contraceptives (COCs)

A

estrogen and progestin thins uterine lining and thickens cervical mucus to block and prevent semen implantation
if one pill is missed, take two the next day
increases risk for thromboembolism, stroke, HTN
estrogen cannot be given to pts within 6wks postpartum

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21
Q

warning signs for pts taking COCs

A

Abdominal pain
Chest pain /sob
Headaches
Eye problems
Severe leg pain

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22
Q

progestin-only pills (minipills)

A

cannot miss a pill
given to pts postpartum

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23
Q

estrogen causes…

A

nausea
breast tenderness
fluid retention

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24
Q

progestin causes…

A

increased hunger
fatigue
depression
oily skin and scalp

25
emergency oral contraceptive
morning-after pill that inhibits the transport of sperm taken within 72hrs after unprotected coitus take pregnancy test if menstruation does not begin with 21 days SE: nausea, heavy bleeding, lower abd pain, fatigue, HA
26
transdermal contraceptive patch
can be combined or just progestin apply patch to subcutaneous buttock, abdomen, upper arm, or torso replace patch each week for three weeks thickens cervical mucus less effective in pts over 198lbs
27
injectable progestins
IM or SQ (depo is IM) given during first 5 days of menstrual cycle given every 3 months SE: irregular bleeding before amenorrhea, reversable bone loss, weight gain do not massage injection site
28
contraceptive vaginal ring
silicone ring that contains etonogestrel and ethinyl estadiol (nuvaring) replace ring after 3 weeks if removed for more than 4hrs, replace and use a barrier method for 7 days can be removed for up to 3hrs without changes to effectiveness
29
implantable progestin
small thin rod under the skin of the inner upper aspect of the arm (nexplanon) suppress the ovulatory cycle by releasing progestin lasts 3 years
30
intrauterine device (IUD)
T-shaped device inserted through the cervix and placed in the uterus kyleena= 5yrs mirena and liletta=8 yrs copper=10 years increases risk for PID copper IUD SE: increased menstrual pain and bleeding check for strings after each menstruation CI in pts w known STDs
31
transcervical sterilization
a nonhormonal mean of BC that results in scar tissue in fallopian tubes requires no GA very effective not reversable delay in effectiveness for 3 months
32
bilateral tube ligation
female sterilization surgical procedure severance/burning/blocking of the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization permanent decreases ovarian cancer incidence
33
vasectomy
male sterilization surgical procedure ligation and severance of vas deferens requires local anesthetic takes 20 ejaculations to clear vas deferens of sperm sperm count must be 0 on 2 consecutive occasions to confirm sterility
34
signs of endometritis
chills and fever 101+ abd tenderness when palpated foul smelling discharge
35
infertility
inability to conceive despite engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse for at least 12 mo
36
sterility
inability to conceive
37
subfertility
prolonged time to conceive
38
female inferility causes
anovulation and irregular cycles tubular occlusions uterine structure anomolies
39
anovulation and irregular cycles
r/t thyroid issues, PCOS, prolactinomas (nipple drainage) treat: induce period or ovulation induction (letrozole and clomiphene)
40
clomiphene risk
twins
41
tubular occlusions
can be r/t history of STD assess tubal patency by hysterosalpingogram
42
uterine structure anomolies
vaginal septum, uterus didelphis (2 cervixes), uterine fibroids (can be removed via myomectomy but causes scar tissue)
43
ways to diagnose infertility
transvaginal ultrasound laparoscopy (under GA) hysteroscopy hysterosalpingography (assesses fallopian tube patency) day 21 progesterone lab test
44
assisted reproductive techniques (ART)
intrauterine insemination IVF-ET gamete intrafallopian transfer donor oocyte donor embryo gestational carrier surrogate mother therapeutic donor insemination
45
intrauterine insemination (IUI)
place sperm in uterus at time of ovulation
46
in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET)
collect eggs from ovaries, fertilize eggs in lab with sperm, transfer embryo to the uterus
47
gamete intrafallopian transfer
oocytes are retrieved and place with prepared motile sperm, both placed in catheter to form gametes. then inject gametes into fallopian tubes via laparaacopsy
48
donor oocyte
donor eggs are collected from donor by IVF procedure eggs become inseminated and embryos get placed in the recipient's uterus
49
donor embryo (embryo adoption)
donated embryo is placed in the recipient's uterus
50
gestational carrier (embryo host)
a couple completes the IVF process with the embryo placed in another person who will complete the pregnancy
51
surrogate mother
a person is inseminated with semen and carries the fetus until birth
52
therapeutic donor insemination
donor sperm is used to inseminate a person
53
induced abortion
either elective or therapeutic purposeful interruption of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation
54
earliest a baby can survive is...
22-24 weeks
55
medical abortion
give Cytotec causes cervical ripening and contractions with bleeding
56
surgical abortion
D&C cervix dilated, suction out contents used for 2nd trimester abortions and miscarriages
57
medication used for ectopic pregnancies
methotrexate
58

Women and Neonatal Health (7 decks)

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