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human biology > contraception > Flashcards

contraception Flashcards

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1
Q

detection methods?

A
  • method that relies on a female determining her time of ovulation.
  • the couple are restricted from sexual intercourse around ovulation for a few days before, during and afterwards.
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2
Q

types of detection methods?

A
  • rhythm method
  • mucus method
  • temperature method
  • sympothermal method
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3
Q

rhythm method?

A
  • timing of cycle tracked

- cycle length determined by menstral bleeding

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4
Q

mucus method?

A
  • changes in the cervical mucus observed

- usually ‘cloudy’ and sticky in nature. around ovulation more ‘clear’ and ‘slippery’

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5
Q

temperature method?

A
  • body temperature recorded

- ovulation - a drop followed by a sharp increase in temperature

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6
Q

symptothermal method?

A
  • combination of all detection methods
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7
Q

detection method advantages?

A
  • no cost

- natural= no side effects

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8
Q

detection method disadvantages?

A
  • not very reliable 75% effectiveness

- no protection against STIs

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9
Q

types of natural methods?

A
  • coitus interruptus

- lactational amenorrhoea

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10
Q

coitus interruptus?

A
  • penis is removed from vagina before male ejaculates
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11
Q

coitus interruptus advantages?

A
  • no cost

- natural = no side effects

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12
Q

coitus interruptus disadvantages?

A
  • not reliable, relies on self-control of the male (75%-85% effectiveness)
  • no protection from STIs
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13
Q

lactational Amenorrhoea?

A
  • menstruation and ovulation delayed during period of breastfeeding
  • suppressed by affected hormones
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14
Q

lactational amenorrhoea advantages?

A
  • no cost
  • natural = no side effects
  • 91% - 98% effective
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15
Q

lactational amenorrhoea disadvantages?

A
  • only temporary (while breastfeeding)

- no protection against STIs

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16
Q

mechanical method?

A
  • physical barriers to prevent sperm from reaching ovum.
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17
Q

types of mechanical method?

A
  • male condom
  • female condom
  • diaphragm/cervical cap
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18
Q

male condom?

A
  • thin latex rubber covers male penis during sexual intercourse
  • condom collects seminal fluid
  • 75%-85% effective
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19
Q

male condom advantages?

A
  • effective when used correctly
  • cheap and easy to buy
  • offer protection against STIs
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20
Q

male condom disadvantages?

A
  • can tear or slip off

- allergies to latex

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21
Q

female condom?

A
  • a sheath placed inside the vagina
  • condom collects seminal fluid
  • 75-85% effective
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22
Q

female condom advantages?

A
  • protects against STIs
  • can be placed before sexual intercourse
  • stronger then male condoms
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23
Q

female condom disadvantages?

A
  • more money then male condoms, not as available
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24
Q

diaphragm?

A
  • thin rubber cap that fits across the top of the vagina
25
Q

cervical cap?

A
  • smaller, fits directly over the cervix
  • prevents sperm from reaching the uterus
  • 75%-85% effective
26
Q

diaphragm/cervical cap advantages?

A
  • can be placed in before sexual intercourse
27
Q

diaphragm/cervical cap disadvantages?

A
  • no protection against STIs
  • difficult to insert
  • size to be prescribed and recommended by doctor
28
Q

chemical method: spermicides?

A
  • foam, cream, gel or capsule inserted into the vagina

- contains substances that immobilise and kill sperm before entering uterus.

29
Q

spermicides advantages?

A
  • relatively cheap and easy to use
30
Q

spermicides disadvantages?

A
  • very unreliable when used alone

- no protection against STIs

31
Q

hormonal methods?

A
  • substitute hormones are released into the body, altering the female cycle.
32
Q

hormonal methods types?

A
  • combined pill
  • mini pill
  • morning after pill
  • hormone injections
  • implant
  • vagina ring
33
Q

combined pill?

A
  • substitute hormones: oestrogen and progesterone
34
Q

combined pill effects?

A
  • ovulation is suppressed
  • alter endometrium lining (prevent implantation)
  • change cervix mucus (sperm cannot enter uterus)
35
Q

mini pill?

A
  • substitute hormone: progesterone
36
Q

mini pill effects?

A
  • alters endometrium lining (prevents implantation)

- change cervix mucus (sperm cannot enter uterus)

37
Q

morning after pill?

A
  • emergency contraceptive pill (usually taken within 72 hours)
  • useful when other contraceptive methods were not used or failed.
  • contains substitute hormone: progesterone
38
Q

morning after pill effects?

A
  • prevents sperm from entering

- prevents implantation

39
Q

contraceptive pills advantages?

A
  • effective if taken correctly
  • can regulate cycles/periods
  • reduce incidence of ovarian and uterine cancers
  • can reduce symptoms (heavy periods)
40
Q

contraceptive pills disadvantages?

A
  • more costly
  • requires doctors prescription
  • possible unwanted side effects
  • no protection against STIs
41
Q

implant?

A
  • small implant beneath the skin in the upper arm

- substitute hormone: Progesterone

42
Q

implant effects?

A
  • prevents sperm entering
  • prevents implantation
  • last until 3 years, but can be removed earlier
43
Q

hormone injections?

A
  • depo- ralovera, depo provera

- substitute hormone: progesterone

44
Q

hormone injections effects?

A
  • prevent from sperm entering
  • prevent implantation
  • effect last for 12 weeks
45
Q

vaginal ring?

A
  • small, soft, flexible, plastic ring placed into the vagina for three weeks
  • releases substitute hormones: oestrogen and progesterone
46
Q

vaginal ring effects?

A
  • prevents ovulation
  • prevents sperm entering
  • prevent implantation
47
Q

vaginal ring advantages?

A
  • very reliable
  • more convenient
  • some offer longer term protection
48
Q

vaginal ring disadvantages?

A
  • no protection against STIs
  • inserted by doctors
  • possible side effects
  • effects of injections can’t be reversed
49
Q

hormonal intrauterine device (IUD)?

A
  • releases substitute hormone: progesterone
50
Q

hormonal IUD effects?

A
  • prevents sperm entering uterus

- prevents implantation

51
Q

copper IUD?

A
  • copper wire
52
Q

copper IUD effects?

A
  • affect sperm preventing fertilisation

- change lining to prevent implantation

53
Q

copper IUD advantages?

A
  • reliable
  • longer lasting protection
  • convenient
  • easily reversed
54
Q

copper IUD disadvantages?

A
  • requires insertion and removal by a doctor
  • no protection against STIs
  • some unwanted side effects
55
Q

sterilisation methods: vasectomy?

A
  • males small section of vas deferent is cut
56
Q

tubal ligation?

A
  • female Fallopian tubes cut or tied
57
Q

sterilisation methods advantages?

A
  • very reliable

- long lasting protection

58
Q

sterilisation methods disadvantages?

A
  • requires surgery
  • not easily reversed
  • no protection against STIs

human biology (8 decks)

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