Contraception Flashcards
Female Condom
What it is how it works?
Polyurethane plastic pouch inserted into the vagina
-condom covers the entirety of the vagina and adjacent parts of the vulva
Advantages
- only female controlled contraceptive to offer STD protection
- allows for spontaneity (can be inserted up to 8hrs before)
- does not require male to maintain erection
- easily & immediately reversible
- can be used for anal sex
Disadvantages:
- May decrease erotic sensation/may generate distracting noise
- Possibility of inserting penis unwillingly outside of condom
- Possibility of entire condom being drawn into vagina
- male and female condoms should not be used simultaneously (creates friction)
Perfect use failure rate: 5%
Additional info:
- male condom still preferred over female condom
- to use:inner ring is first squeezes between fingers and ten pushed into the vagina with finger until it can’t be felt this draws most if the condom into the vagina but the larger end should remain outside.
Male Condom
what is it how does it work?
- disposable sheath placed over the penis before coitus
- prevents semen from entering the vagina
Advantages
- cheap/readily accessible
- reliable when properly used
- STD protection
- no side effect a of hormone based contraception
- fully/immediately reversible
disadvantages
- may decrease spontaneity
- male must maintain erection for the duration of condom use
- may decrease erotic sensation
- reliability is less than ideal with typical use
Perfect use failure rate: 2%
Additional info:
Most are made of latex, although natural tissue condoms are available.
Some are coated with spermicide
Strategies to prevent breakage: regular inspection of condom, use of lubrication, thicker condoms, changing condoms.
Diaphragms
Dome shaped latex rubber barrier placed over the cervix. Preventing spermicide from entering the cervix
Advantages
More spontaneity than condoms because it can be inserted before hand,
- does not usually affect sensation,
- relatively cheap,
- long time use associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer
Disadvantages
Inconvenient needs to be fitted by professional also needs to be inserted removed and cleaned,
- occasionally dislodge during coitus.
- Less STD protection than condoms.
- Spermicide can cause irritation.
- Occasional UTI occurrence
Perfect use failure rate: 6%
Additional info:
must be used in conjunction with the spermicidal creamer jelly.
-Less than 150 women use it.
Leah’s shield; new type of diaphragm with the one-way valve thus helping to form a close seal against the cervix and allows for passage of cervical mucus.
Cervical cap
Small rubber plastic cup that holds like a suction cup on to the cervix. Spermicide is placed on the inside of the prior to insertion
Advantages
similar to those of the diaphragm but with some differences; cervical cap as an alternative to the diaphragm are some women have much difficulty using diaphragm
Disadvantages
Similar to those of the diaphragm but with some differences; failure rate is higher especially in women who have had children. Difficult to insert properly. Can be dislodged during coitus
Perfect use failure rate: 18%
Additional info: must be prescribed and individually fitted. FemCap Approved in 2003. Like the diaphragm, it is good for women who need to be in charge of their own contraception, without using hormone
Spermicides (foams creams and suppositories)
Chemical that kills sperm. Place into the vagina no more than two hours ahead of time for which must remain for at least six hours afterward
Advantages
Available without a prescription. Inexpensive. Few side effects (allergic reactions/irritations from frequent use)
Disadvantages:
Failure rates are high when used as a solo method (25%) best used combo with barrier methods. No significant as to be protection
Perfect use failure rate: 9–18%
Additional info: available as a contraceptive in a variety of forms. Today sponge acts as both a physical barrier and spermicide releasing agent.
Intrauterine devices (ParaGard/copper T and marina)
A T-shaped device placed in the uterus. Causes low-grade inflammation to the uterus that interferes with sperm transport
Advantages:
As effective as female sterilization. Few side effects/no systematic hormonal side effects. Conveniently/nonintrusive (only have to check the thread once a month) reversible immediately on removal. Significant protection against endometrial cancer
Disadvantages:
one time cost is a fairly high ($200-$600) although money saver in the long run. Clapping/regular bleeding may occur. With ParaGard increased menstrual flow. No STD protection
Perfect use failure rate: 0.2–0.6%
Additional info: two models of IUDs available in the US. Less than 1% of American use IUDs. ParaGuard can be left in for up to 12 years. Marina (a progesterone releasing IUD) last for five years
Combination pill (Constant dose/monophasic – all pills contain same drug does) (triphasic – varies dose of estrogen and progestins)
Contains estrogen and progestin. Prevent ovulation and causes cervix to secrete thick music to prevent sperm from entering the uterus
Advantages:
Extremely reliable with perfect use. Convenient and reversible. May have significant health benefits (decrease risk of ovarian/endometrial cancer, decrease prevalent/severity of anemia, among others). Lighter menstrual flow
Disadvantages: no STD/HIV protection. Remember to take pill every day !. Side effects. Risk for women over 35 who smoke, is particularly high as well as for heavier women. Nursing mothers shouldn’t use
Perfect use failure rate: 0.3%
Additional information: one pill taken every day for 21 days. Continuous use may eliminate menstrual periods. Extended use regimens (I.E.Seasonale: one pill every day for 12 weeks. With 7 dummy pills: 4 menstrual periods a year). Irregular spotting/breakthrough bleeding is common with these methods
Progestin-only pills
Contains a low dose of progestin and no estrogen. Alters cervical mucus (making it viscous/hostile to sperm transport) interferes with implantation in endometrium
Advantages: similar to combo pills. Lack estrogenic side effects of combo pill. Can be used by breast-feeding mothers six weeks after birth
Disadvantages: similar to combo pills without the same side effects disrupts menstrual cycles for women who were previously regular
Perfect use failure rate: 0.3%
Additional info: pill must be taken every single day
Depo-Provera
Non oral hormone based contraceptive. Slow release form of progestin
Advantages:
Requires injection every three months, increases spontaneity. Lack of estrogen side effects. Sensation of menstrual periods may appeal to women with menstrual problems
Disadvantages,: repeated medical visits needed. No STD/HIV protection. Irregular/prolonged bleeding. Fully reversible but once injected cannot be removed and may take three months for side effects to go away. Loss of bone density
Failure rate with perfect use 0.3%
Additional info: provide contraception for three months yearly cost range anywhere between 200 and $300 administered within a few days of menstruation
Transdermal patches (ortho Evra)
Patch containing hormones that diffuse slowly into the body through the skin. Women uses one patch every week for three weeks then one week without the patch
Advantages: similar to that of combo pills with a few differences: easier-to-use compliance is better increase and spontaneity
Disadvantages: local skin reactions patch may work loose or fall off. Not advise for smokers over 35. Two times more expensive than combo pills. Increased risk of heart attack
Perfect use failure rate 0.3%
Additional info: contains estrogen and progestin (similar to that of combo bill) patch should put not put on breasts, new location should be selected with every new patch
Vaginal rings (NuvaRing)
Ring placed in the vagina that releases a combo of estrogen and progesterone. Ring in place for three weeks and one week break.
Advantages: similar to that of Ortho Evra with a few differences: no skin reactions lower estrogen exposure nothing is visible increase in spontaneity
Disadvantages: ring might slip out may cause vaginal irritation/discharge. Reports of feeling the ring during coitus. Ring must be protected from heat.
Perfect use failure rate: 0.3%
Ring can be taken out before coitus but must be replaced within three hours
Implants (Implanon)
Rods containing contraceptive hormones, implanted under the skin
Advantages: as reliable as sterilization. No action required on part of user
Disadvantages: beginning/end uses more complicated and implant causes bump in the skin that can be felt or seen. Costs are higher ($500 – $800) reliability is uncertain for women over 220 pounds
Perfect use failure rate: 0.05%
Additional info: Implanon releases progestin. Rod is inserted under the skin of upper arm. Protection against pregnancy for three years
