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Adolescence > Contraception > Flashcards

Contraception Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

contraception saves lives through…

A

preventing unwanted or unsafe pregnancy and abortions

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2
Q

is contraception still a major challenge

A

yes

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3
Q

how does contraception empower women

A

give them the power to make their reproductive choices

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4
Q

how does contraception enhance economic development

A

women’s access to education and improved career opportunities

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5
Q

are fertility rates higher in developing or developed countries than in developing countries

A

developing countries

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6
Q

why are fertility rates higher in developing countries

A

access to contraception is more of a challenge

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7
Q

what effect can contraception have on developing countries

A

improve economic capabilities of country

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8
Q

main types of contraception

A
  • oral contraceptive pill
  • implants
  • injections
  • vaginal rings
  • intrauterine devices (IUDs)
  • barrier: external and internal condoms, diaphragms
  • surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy
  • emergency contracpetion
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9
Q

what hormones can the OCP be

A
  • progesterone only
  • combined progesterone and oestrogen
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10
Q

which contraceptives are long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC)

A
  • implants
  • injections
  • vaginal rings
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11
Q

which contraceptives are progestin (synthetic progesterone) based

A
  • OCP
  • implants
  • injections
  • vaginal rings
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12
Q

what are some short-term contraception methods

A
  • OCP
  • diaphragm
  • condom
  • withdrawal (less reliable)
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13
Q

__% of Australian women will use contraception at some point in their lives

A

80%

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14
Q

most common form of contraception used (2) in Aus

A
  • OCP
  • male condoms
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15
Q

as women get older which form of contraception is decreased in use

A

hormonal contraception
(male condom use remains relatively stable)

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16
Q

what are 2 reasons why there might be a decline in hormonal contraception use as women get older

A
  • looking to start a family
  • undesirability of side effects
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17
Q

how many australian women experience an unintended pregnancy

A

1 in 4
(despite wide access to contraception in aus)

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18
Q

why are LARCs recommended

A
  • because has potential to increase effectiveness
  • because does not need to be remembered on daily basis to be effective
  • would reduce number and cost of unwanted pregnancies in australia
    (not changing options being used; using tech we already have)
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19
Q

availability of technologies for reversible female but not male contraception means women generally take greater responsibility by

A
  • carrying greater financial costs
  • incur associated health burdens (side effects, unplanned baby) (even when non-female contraception)
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20
Q

what 2 types of contraception supported by PBS

A

these are combined OCP ie/ COCs
forms supported that are made from (other progestin forms exist)
- levonorgestrel (progestin) + ethinylestradiol
- norethisterone (progestin) + ethinylestradiol

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21
Q

what are ethinylestradiol in combined OCPs for

A

oestrogen decreased when using OCP as it reduces ovary’s ability to produce oestrogen => oestrogen replaced in a small dose

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22
Q

is there a need for better access, use, acceptance, uptake of contraception to reduce undesirable outcomes (eg/ 11% of women aged19-24 report having an unintended pregnancy)

A

yes

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23
Q

very shortly how does the OCP work

Study These Flashcards
A

changing natural hormone cycles

24
Q

what levels are similarly low both on the pill and when pregnant

Study These Flashcards
A

gonadotrophin level (from pituitary)

25
nromal cycle hormone : (high gonadoptrophins?)
rising oestrogen w falling FSH, followed by LH surge which causes rise in progesterone made by corpus luteum
26
hormone cycle w progestin
progesterone levels stay high whilst on pill (if take sugar pill then progesterone goes low which when menstruation occurs) but high progesterone causes low levels of gonadotrophin so cycle blocked => follicles don't grow and mature and ovulate => oestrogen levels low and hence COCs
27
progesterone and oestrogen and are what hormones but are not what unlike testosterone
- sex hormones - they are not androgens
28
steroid hormone signaling mechanism
- progesterone able to readily cross cell membrane - progesterone crosses and interacts with progesterone receptor - acted on progesterone receptor moves into nucleus and bind to DNA (progesterone receptor = DNA-binding transcription factor) - binding to DNA activates gene expression - include genes that act in uterus for promoting implantation
29
large number of steroid related transcripiton factors (receptors) & quite distinct from other steroid receptor families which are closely and not closely related
progesterone receptor is very closely related to androgen receptor and glucocortiocoid receptor (stress response receptor) progesterone receptor less related to oestrogen receptor
30
when progesterone binds to its receptor it becomes
- structure very related to structure of DNA so they bind in very specific locations
31
DNA recognition sequence is important because
all the closely related receptors will bind the exact same sequence
32
what is the significance of all the closely related receptors binding the exact same sequence
- progesterone thought of as female hormone - testosterone thought of as male hormone - however both hormones are present in both female and males - progestin contraceptives are both like progesterone as well as testosterone
33
are the progestins (synthetic progesterone) supported by PBS in australia of norethisterone and levonorgestrel more structurally closely related to testosterone or progesterone
testosterone
34
what are the 3 categories for activity profiles of progestins
- progesterone-like - androgen-like - anti-androgen
35
what do anti-androgen progestins do
block testosterone action
36
progestins are graded into how many generations & based on what
4 - based on how progesterone or androgen like they are
37
3 possible side effects of progestin contraceptive agents
- depression risk - breast cancer - cardiovascular risk
38
which progestin is well associated with higher increased risk of both depression and breast cancer
levonogestrel
39
the increased risk of side effects from progestin contraceptives aren't as severe as....
what increased risk of unwanted pregnancy would be
40
the increased risk of depression from progestin contraceptive use does associate with increased risk of _________ in users
suicide attempt
41
risk of suicide attempt with duration of progestin contraceptive - has a pattern of what & in what demographic
- increases most dramatically at earlier period of use, declines over longer periods of use (risk still remains increased) - emerges mostly in young people
42
where else is progesterone receptor expressed (besides uterus) - list 2
- brain - immune system
43
emerging evidence shows what regarding progestin contraceptives and MRI scans
- during periods of time on progestin contraceptive - there clear changes in brain structure that can be seen on MRI
44
changes to brain structure from progestin contraceptives are more dramatic than the differences seen between brain of people of different sexes - T or F
true
45
what could these changes in brain structure due to progestin contraceptives be linked to regarding side effects
depression risk
46
in women on progestin contraception, immune system have changes in _____ populations that don't occur in women not on
T cell population
47
people using progestin contraception have changes to immune susceptibility as what occurs
a flattening in change of immune cells that normally occur across a cycle
48
side effects and their risks for progestin contraceptives are variable based on
which contraceptive compound being used (progestin with oestradiol, and the dosage)
49
list 3 other conditions progestin contraceptives also used for
- acne - PCOS - endometriosis
50
difference between contraception and sterilisation
reversibility
51
by directly targeting ______ it prevents fertilisation without altering endocrine cycles
ovulation
52
progesterone receptor blocker is used as an __________ _____
emergency contraception
53
emergency contraception (progesterone receptor blocker) blocks ____
implantation
54
what is progesterone receptor found to be critical for
release of oocyte from ovary (ovulation)
55
research to look at non-hormonal contraception involving progesterone receptors by looking at
what genes are regulated by progesterone receptors in ovulation that could be blocked to prevent oocyte release

Adolescence (5 decks)

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