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Finals > Contraception > Flashcards

Contraception Flashcards

1
Q

UK medical eligibility criteria for contraception

A

UKMEC 1: No restriction in use (minimal risk)
UKMEC 2: Benefits generally outweigh the risks
UKMEC 3: Risks generally outweigh the benefits
UKMEC 4: Unacceptable risk (typically this means the method is contraindicated)

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2
Q

Contraception Specific Risk Factors

A

Breast cancer: avoid any hormonal contraception and go for the copper coil or barrier methods
Cervical or endometrial cancer: avoid the intrauterine system (i.e. Mirena coil)
Wilson’s disease: avoid the copper coil

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3
Q

combined contraceptive pill (UKMEC 4)

A

Uncontrolled hypertension (particularly ≥160 / ≥100)
Migraine with aura
History of VTE
Aged over 35 smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day
Major surgery with prolonged immobility
Vascular disease or stroke
Ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy or atrial fibrillation
Liver cirrhosis and liver tumours
Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome

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4
Q

Contraceptive considerations in older women

A

After the last period, contraception is required for 2 years in women under 50 and 1 year in women over 50

Hormone replacement therapy does not prevent pregnancy, and added contraception is required

The combined contraceptive pill can be used up to age 50 years, and can treat perimenopausal symptoms

The progestogen injection (i.e. Depo-Provera) should be stopped before 50 years due to the risk of osteoporosis

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5
Q

Lactational amenorrhea

A

over 98% effective as contraception for up to 6 months after birth. Women must be fully breastfeeding and amenorrhoeic (no periods).

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6
Q

Safe contraception with breastfeeding

A

progestogen-only pill and implant - can be started any time after birth

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7
Q

Starting combined contraceptive pill after birth

A

should be avoided in breastfeeding (UKMEC 4 before 6 weeks postpartum, UKMEC 2 after 6 weeks).

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8
Q

copper coil or intrauterine system after birth?

A

can be inserted either within 48 hours of birth or more than 4 weeks after birth (UKMEC 1), but not inserted between 48 hours and 4 weeks of birth (UKMEC 3).

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9
Q

Max age for COCP

A

50

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10
Q

Contraception avoided in under 20s

A

progesterone injection as may reduce bone density

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11
Q

COCP mechanism

A

Suppress GnRH, LH and FSH. Prevents ovulation

Also progesterone thickens cervical mucus and inhibits endometrium thickening/implantation

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12
Q

Withdrawal bleed

A

When pill stopped - not a menstrual period

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13
Q

Breakthrough bleeding

A

With extended use without a pill-free period

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14
Q

COCP side effects

A

Unscheduled bleeding is common in the first three months and should then settle with time
Breast pain and tenderness
Mood changes and depression
Headaches
Hypertension
Venous thromboembolism (the risk is much lower for the pill than pregnancy)
Small increased risk of breast and cervical cancer, returning to normal ten years after stopping
Small increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke

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15
Q

COCP regimmes

A

21 days on and 7 days off
63 days on (three packs) and 7 days off (“tricycling“)
Continuous use without a pill-free period

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16
Q

COCP screening

A

Age
Weight and height (BMI)
Blood pressure
Smoker or non-smoker
Past medical history (particularly migraine, VTE, cancer, cardiovascular disease and SLE)
Family history (particularly VTE and breast cancer)

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17
Q

COCP consultation points

A

Different contraceptive options, including long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)
Contraindications
Adverse effects
Instructions for taking the pill, including missed pills
Factors that will impact the efficacy (e.g. diarrhoea and vomiting)
Sexually transmitted infections (this pill is not protective)
Safeguarding concerns (particularly in those under 16)

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18
Q

COCP first line

A

levonorgestrel or norethisterone first line (e.g. Microgynon or Leostrin)

Lower VTE risk

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19
Q

first-line for premenstrual syndrome

A

Yasmin and other COCPs containing drospirenone

anti-mineralocorticoid and anti-androgen, maybe better with continuous use

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20
Q

treatment of acne and hirsutism

A

Dianette and other COCPs containing cyproterone acetate (i.e. co-cyprindiol)

anti-androgen effects, - but also increased risk of VTE

Usually stopped after 3 months

21
Q

Starting COCP pill

A

If in first 5 days of cycle, covered

If after, use barrier for first 7 days of consistent use

if switching COCPs, transition continuously

POP -> switch any time but 7 days of barrier needed - unless desogestrel as this inhibits ovulation

If switching to POP 48 hours if not in pill free zone

22
Q

Theoretical protection of COCP

A

7 days on 7 days off would theoretically protect

23
Q

Definition of missing COCP pill

A

MORE than 24 hrs late i.e. 48 hrs since last

24
Q

If missed one COCP pill

A

<72 hrs since last pill

Take the missed pill as soon as possible (even if this means taking two pills on the same day)

No extra protection is required provided other pills before and after are taken correctly

25
Q

missed more than one COCP pill

A

ie >72 hours since last pill

If day 1 – 7 of the packet they need emergency contraception if they have had unprotected sex

If day 8 – 14 of the pack (and day 1 – 7 was fully compliant) then no emergency contraception is required

If day 15 – 21 of the pack (and day 1 – 14 was fully compliant) then no emergency contraception is needed. They should go back-to-back with their next pack of pills and skip the pill-free period.

26
Q

Stopping COCP pill before operation?

A

combined pill four weeks before a major operation

27
Q

Emergency contraception options

A

Levonorgestrel should be taken within 72 hours of UPSI

Ulipristal should be taken within 120 hours of UPSI

Copper coil can be inserted within 5 days of UPSI, or within 5 days of the estimated date of ovulation

28
Q

Ulipristal contraindications

A

Breastfeeding should be avoided for 1 week after taking ulipristal (milk should be expressed and discarded)
Ulipristal should be avoided in patients with severe asthma

29
Q

restarting contraception after Ulipristal

A

Wait 5 days before starting the combined pill or progestogen-only pill after taking ulipristal. Extra contraception (ie. condoms) is required for the first 7 days of the combined pill or the first 2 days of the progestogen-only pill.

30
Q

restarting contraception after Levonorgestrel

A

combined pill or progestogen-only pill can be started immediately

31
Q

LARC coils CI

A 
Pelvic inflammatory disease or infection
Immunosuppression
Pregnancy
Unexplained bleeding
Pelvic cancer
Uterine cavity distortion (e.g. by fibroids)
32
Q

Non-Visible Threads from coil, ivx

A

Ultrasounds, then xray if needed - may require hysteroscopy or laparoscopic surgery to remove

33
Q

Progestogen-Only Injection CI

A

UK MEC 4

Active breast cancer

UK MEC 3

Ischaemic heart disease and stroke
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Severe liver cirrhosis
Liver cancer

34
Q

Progestogen-Only Injection benefits

A 
Improves dysmenorrhoea (painful periods)
Improves endometriosis-related symptoms
Reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer
Reduces the severity of sickle cell crisis in patients with sickle cell anaemia
35
Q

Progestogen-Only Injection SE

A

Weight gain and osteoporosis

Also carry slight increased risk of Breast and cervical cancer

36
Q

Progestogen-Only Implant CI

A

The only UKMEC 4 criteria for the implant is active breast cancer.

37
Q

POP CI

A

The only UKMEC 4 criteria for the POP is active breast cancer.

38
Q

POP Mechanism of Action

A

Thickening the cervical mucus
Altering the endometrium and making it less accepting of implantation
Reducing ciliary action in the fallopian tubes

39
Q

Desogestrel Mechanism of action

A

Inhibiting ovulation
Thickening the cervical mucus
Altering the endometrium
Reducing ciliary action in the fallopian tubes

40
Q

Barrier required with starting POP

A

2 days - by contrast to 7 with COCP

41
Q

Time taken for POP to be effective

A

If days 1-5, immediate

If after day 5, takes 48 hours

42
Q

POP bleeding effects

A

20% have no bleeding (amenorrhoea)
40% have regular bleeding
40% have irregular, prolonged or troublesome bleeding

43
Q

POP SE

A

Breast tenderness
Headaches
Acne

44
Q

POP risks

A

Ovarian cysts
Small risk of ectopic pregnancy with traditional POPs (not desogestrel) due to reduce ciliary action in the tubes
Minimal increased risk of breast cancer, returning to normal ten years after stopping

45
Q

Definition of missed POP

A

More than 3 hours late for a traditional POP (more than 26 hours after the last pill)

More than 12 hours late for the desogestrel-POP (more than 36 hours after the last pill)

46
Q

What do do if missed POP

A

Take extra (even if two in one day), use barrier for 48 hours

47
Q

Frazer guidelines

A

They are mature and intelligent enough to understand the treatment

They can’t be persuaded to discuss it with their parents or let the health professional discuss it

They are likely to have intercourse regardless of treatment

Their physical or mental health is likely to suffer without treatment

Treatment is in their best interest

48
Q

Gillick Competence

A

decision by decision basis
voluntarily
safeguarding concerns.
under 13 cannot consent to any sexual activity

Finals (18 decks)

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