Context (Small Island + TRF) Flashcards
What was Windrush and its importance?
- Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Dock in London in June 1948. There were 492 West Indians on board.
- It was the beginning of a wave of immigration from Commonwealth countries and colonies.
What was 9/11?
Four coordinated Islamist suicide terrorist attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11
Expectation vs reality of windrush generation
- Found that they were foreigners in England, and this shocked them.
- The things they thought of as quintessentially English - manners, politeness, rounded vowels from well-spoken people - were not in evidence
What were the affects of 9/11?
- Led to an increase of national security, tightening of immigration laws and greater censorship.
- Led to hate crimes and harassment of Muslims (targeted for wearing turbans, having beards etc)
- Government expanded the definition of ‘terrorist activity’
Who coined the term ‘The American Dream’?
James Truslow Adams (1931)
What is ‘The American Dream’ as stated by James Truslow Adams?
‘That dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement’
What are David and Okazaki’s (2006) views on the ‘Colonial Mindset’?
‘Colonial mentality is the idea that one has been conditioned to attach more importance to the values of the dominant culture over ones own
‘Colonial mentality is a form of internalized racial oppression’
Pakistani immigration to the United States
- After the US ‘Immigration and Nationality act 1965’, the no. of Pakistani’s immigrating to the US increased dramatically
- By 1990, there were about 100,000 Pakistani’s in the US
Affect of 9/11 on the immigration of Pakistani’s
- The number of Pakistani immigrants admitted into the US after 9/11 decreased by more than 40%
What were the push factors for immigration from Jamaica
- The Caribbean endured poverty after the abolition of slavery and the economic decline of the sugar plantations
- 1944 (Post WW2) Jamaican hurricane led to widespread structural and economic damage
Who coined the ‘push-pull theory’?
Everett Lee (1885) about immigration motivations
Poet James Berry (1940) description of Jamaica in the introduction to ‘Windrush Songs’
‘we were stuck’
‘hating the place we loved, because it was on the verge of choking us to death’
‘The culture was suffering from its history’ (slavery)
What does James Berry highlight in ‘Windrush songs’?
- Alludes to the desire among young Caribbean men to widen their horizons, to gain opportunities unavailable at home
- Highlights the continuing impact of slavery left on the Caribbean
Lord Kitchener’s (1951) song and what does it show
‘London is the place for me’
- Trinidadian calypso
- Reflects the hopes and dreams of Windrush immigrants
- ‘I am glad to know my mother country’
- Written on the empire windrush, and sung on arrival
What did the British Nationality Act (1948) do?
- Gave all colonial citizens British nationality and immigration rights
When was the Commonwealth Immigration Act and what did it aim to do
(1962)?
- Entailed stringent restrictions on the entry of Commonwealth citizens into the UK
When did Jamaica gain independence?
August 6, 1962
(became independent with full dominion status within the Commonwealth)
Quote from ‘Three Daughters of Eve’ by Elif Shafak (roots)
‘why roots were rated so highly compared with branches or leaves. Peri had never understood’
Multi-locationality
The internalised battle of negotiating
Quotes from ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech Encoh Powell (1968)
‘We must be mad as a nation’
‘It is like watching a nation busily engage in busily engaged in heaping up its own funeral pyr’
EDL movement reform UK (populist natiionalism)
‘Rivers of Blood’ speech Encoh Powell (1968)
- Criticised immigration to the UK, and rapid influx from the New Commonwealth
Who highlighted the term ‘Colonization in reverse’ and when?
Louise Bennett-Coverley (1966)
How does ‘London is the Place for me’ beigin and how is this significant?
- Begins with the chimes of Big Ben
- A symbolism of idealised London
- Synechdoche
