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Psychology - focus topics > Content I need to work on (Paper 1) > Flashcards

Content I need to work on (Paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Schaffer’s pre-attachment/asocial stage

A

0-3 months: attracted to other humans, prefer them to objects and events, show this by smiling at people’s faces.

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2
Q

Schaffer’s indiscriminate stage

A

3-7/8 months: begin to differentiate between primary and secondary caregivers but accept care from anyone.

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3
Q

Schaffer’s discriminate stage

A

7/8 months onwards: begin to show special preference for a particular attachment figure, separation protest and stranger anxiety.

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4
Q

Schaffer’s multiple attachments stage

A

9 months onwards: form strong emotional ties with other major caregivers like grandparents and non-caregivers like other children. Fear of strangers weakens but attachment to mother figure remains strongest.

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5
Q

Key factors of Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

Evolution, monotropy, critical period, internal working model.

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6
Q

Evolutionary aspect of Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

Attachments developed in the Stone Age, when humans experienced danger from predators. Through natural selection, infants developed attachment behaviour called social releasers (crying/smiling) to attract and maintain attention of and proximity to carers.

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7
Q

Monotropic aspect of Bowlby’s theory

A

Social releasers are first shown indiscriminately and then infants form one attachment bond with the carer who responds most sensitively.

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8
Q

The Temperament Hypothesis

A

Sees quality of adult relationships as determined biologically from innate personality, suggesting attempts to develop better quality relationships by changing attachment types won’t work.

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9
Q

Effect of secure attachments on later relationships

A

Lead to meaningful, empathetic relationships where appropriate boundaries are set.

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10
Q

Effect of avoidant attachments on later relationships

A

Lead to distant, critical or intolerant relationships where the individual avoids emotional closeness.

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11
Q

Effect of resistant attachments on later relationships

A

Lead to erratic, controlling relationships where the individual is blaming and sometimes charming.

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12
Q

Effect of disorganised attachments on later relationships (ignored needs, traumatising)

A

Leads to chaotic, insensitive, abusive relationships where the individual is untrusting while craving security.

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13
Q

What are the 5 cognitive biases associated with depression?

A

Arbitrary interference, selective abstraction, catastrophising overgeneralisation, minimisation and maximisation.

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14
Q

Explain the cognitive bias Arbitrary Interference:

A

When conclusions are drawn in the absence of sufficient evidence.

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15
Q

Explain the cognitive bias Selective Abstraction:

A

When conclusions are drawn from only one aspect of a situation.

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16
Q

Explain the cognitive bias Overgeneralisation:

A

When sweeping conclusions are drawn from just one event.

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17
Q

Explain the cognitive biases Minimisation and Maximisation:

A

Minimising successes and maximising failures.

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18
Q

Explain the cognitive bias Catastrophising:

A

When negative events are wildly exaggerated.

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19
Q

What are some strategies used in CBT for treating depression?

A

Problem-solving, thought-catching, cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation (identifying pleasurable activities)

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20
Q

What are patients told to to in REBT?

A

Practice positive and optimistic thinking. A central part of the therapy uses the ABC model to record irrational beliefs and reframe them in a more positive and logical way (homework diary).

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21
Q

What phases/steps are involved in REBT?

A

After the education phase (learning relationships between thoughts, emotions and behaviour), behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling are introduced. They are aimed at increasing social interaction and physiological activity.

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of antidepressants?

A

MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), tricyclics, SSRIs (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors)

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23
Q

What does electroconvulsive treatment do and what does it use?

A

Stimulates brain through electrodes to produce changes in neurotransmitter levels (including sensitivity to serotonin)

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24
Q

What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

It stores and manipulates visual information and helps us to navigate around and interact with the physical environment. Information is coded and rehearsed through the use of mental pictures.

25
Q

What are the 2 sub-systems of the Phonological Loop?

A

PAS (Primary acoustic store): inner ear, stores words recently heard
AP (Articulatory process): inner voice, keeps info in PL through sub-vocal repetition, linked to speech production.

26
Q

What did Baddeley report in 1975?

A

The Word Length Effect - where Ps recalled more short words in serial order than long, supporting that PL capacity is determined by how long it takes to say words rather than amount of words.

27
Q

What is a practical application of WMM involving dyslexia?

A

WMM suggests educational activities that develop the functioning of the PL might be an effective intervention for dyslexia.

28
Q

The MSM explains how information…

A

Flows through a series of storage systems, with 3 permanent structures of memory.

29
Q

What is a main criticism of EWT research?

A

The use of artificial scenarios in lab environments (no emotional involvement like anxiety content that might affect recall, lacks mundane realism and ecological validity, findings may not be generalisable to real life)

30
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect recall in EWT?

A

The influence of schemas, misleading information and anxiety.

31
Q

What does the Cue Utilisation Hypothesis state?

A

That the presence of a threat would increase anxiety and decrease the witness’ attention capacity.

32
Q

What else has been offered as an explanation of how anxiety can affect the accuracy of recall?

A

Repression - Freud argued that anxiety hinders recall as it would cause traumatic events to be banished to the unconscious mind.

33
Q

What area of the brain is associated with initial coding and storage of episodic LTM?

A

The Pre-frontal cortex and the Neocortex.

34
Q

What areas of the brain are associated with the coding of LTM?

A

Frontal and Temporal lobes

35
Q

What are the characteristics of a secure attachment?

A

keen to explore BUT high stranger anxiety, easy to calm, enthusiastic at reunion (carers sensitive)

36
Q

What are the characteristics of an insecure-avoidant attachment?

A

willing to explore AND low stranger anxiety, no separation protest, avoid contact with carer upon reunion (carers indifferent to needs)

37
Q

What are the characteristics of an insecure-resistant attachment?

A

unwilling to explore AND high stranger anxiety, separation protest, seek and reject contact upon reunion (carers ambivalent)

38
Q

What is imposed etic?

A

Using techniques only relevant in one culture to study/ draw conclusions from another .

39
Q

What did Rutter propose in 1995?

A

A model of multiple attachments that saw all attachments as equally important and combining together to help form a child’s internal working model.

40
Q

What are the 2 explanations of attachment?

A

Learning theory and Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory

41
Q

What are the 6 steps of the process of social change?

A

Drawing attention, consistency, deeper processing, the augmentation principle, the snowball effect and social cryptoamnesia

42
Q

What is the augmentation principle?

A

Minority will have greater influence when they make sacrifices (admiration)

43
Q

What are the two types of consistency that a minority has to show?

A

Synchronic (within minority) and diachronic (over time)

44
Q

What type of internalisation is minority influence achieved through?

A

Conversion, occurs through ISI.

45
Q

What behavioural styles are important for minority influence?

A

Consistent (shows confidence in beliefs, unbiased and commitment).
Flexible (consistent but willing to compromise)

46
Q

What are 3 other factors associated with resisting conformity? (sir)

A

Status (motivated to rise in ranks by conforming), ironic deviance (belief that other people’s behaviour occurs because they have been told to dot it, reduces ISI), reactance (rebellious anger).

47
Q

What are 3 other factors associated with resisting obedience? (pms)

A

Personality (empathy), morality, systematic processing (given time to consider negative consequences).

48
Q

What 2 factors are involved in resistance to social influence?

A

Social support and Locus of Control

49
Q

What does the SERT gene do in OCD?

A

Transports serotonin across synapses, causing lower levels, associated with OCD.

50
Q

In PET scans, what have been linked to OCD?

A

Low levels of serotonin in the brain, particularly linked to obsessions.

51
Q

In OCD, what are high levels of activity in the brain associated with?

A

High levels of activity in the brain are associated with higher levels of thought processing, and turning sensory thoughts into actions. It may be that those with OCD have difficulty ‘switching off’ these areas and ignoring impulses, which end up as obsessions.

52
Q

OCD and neuroplasticity:

A

The Orbital Frontal Cortex may change because there may be a lot of repetitive behaviours in the environment.

53
Q

What is the cognitive explanation for OCD?

A

obsessions caused by faulty, persistent thought processes that focus on anxiety-generating stimuli.

54
Q

Explain how antidepressants are used to treat OCD.

A

SSRIs block the re-uptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neuron. This means that the amount that serotonin binds with receptors on the post-synaptic neuron is increased and causes the Orbital Frontal Cortex to function at normal levels.

55
Q

What are the 2 types of drugs used to treat OCD?

A

Antidepressants (elevate serotonin levels) and antipsychotics (lower dopamine levels)

56
Q

Explain psychosurgery as a treatment for OCD.

A

Destruction of brain tissue to disrupt the cortico-striatal circuit using radio frequency waves. This has an effect on the Orbital Frontal Cortex, the Thalamus and the Caudate Nucleus brain areas, and is associated with a reduction of symptoms.

57
Q

What is habituation training in CBT treatment for OCD?

A

Where sufferers relive obsessional thoughts repeatedly to reduce the anxiety created. Intrusive thoughts are shown to be normal. Participants are made to understand that thinking about behaviour does not have to lead to carrying it out.

58
Q

During CBT, what are OCD sufferers taught to do?

A

Focus on their estimates of potential risks and realistically assess likelihood of them actually happening.

Psychology - focus topics (9 decks)

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