Contempory Issues In Crime - Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

The global criminal economy - CASTELLS

A

Manuel Castells - there is a now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per year. Takes a number of forms:
Arms trafficking to illegal regimes, terrorists etc.
Smuggling of illegal immigrants,
Trafficking in women and Children,
Sex Tourism,
Cyber-crimes,
The drug trade worth $300-400 billionaires a year,
Money laundering

One reason for the long scale transnational organized crime is the demand for its products and Service in the rich west.
Links to globalization as many 3rd world drug-producing countries such as Colombia and Afghanistan, both in high levels of poverty. The rich countries exploit the poor countries for their raw materials which keeps them poor and keeps the rich, rich.

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2
Q

CASTELLS AO3

A

Technology advancments make it easier now to detect and prosecution throughout surveillance so crime can be managed more effectively.

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3
Q

The global risk consciousness

A

The awareness of danger has become international.
Globalisation has resulted in more insecurities and (fear) a new mentality is ‘risk consciousness’ where risk is seen as a global issue rather than a local one.
E.g. BLM, Russia v Ukraine, Palestine genocide, silent genocide in Congo etc.

Western countries only worry about risk of crime to protect their borders.
Much of these anxieties are a product of moral panic. This has resulted with in increase in hate crime in a number of western countries.
One result of this is an increase in social control.

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4
Q

Global risk consciousness AO3:

A

Although risk is seen as a global issue rathe than a local one, the principle of national sovereignty prevents international borders from intervening.

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5
Q

Globalisation, capitalism and crime - Taylor

A

Taylor argues that globalisation has led to changes in the pattern of crime and extent if crime ( affects poor & rich differently).

More specifically, Taylor is critical of the free reign gives to market forces, whuch Hans increased I equality. IT Hans created crime at bith ends of the social scale,

Transnational corporations exploit Developmenting countries, they use cheap labour. This produces more poverty, unemployment and job insecurity.
In richer countries, Gov policies such as privatisation and marketisation (neo-Liberalism) have driven wages down and made labour more flexible.
Globalisation has created criminal opportunities for elite groups.
E.g. deregulation of financial markets has created opportunities for insiders to avoid paying taxes.
All these factors create insecurity and widening inequalities (marginalsiatoon) that encourages people (mainly the poor) to turn crime.

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6
Q

Taylor AO3:

A

This theory does not adequately explain how changes in society means people behave in criminal ways.

(Support) - Winslow’s study of how bouncers show how postmodern conditions of globalisation on de-industrialisation have created new criminal opportunities and patterns at a local level.

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7
Q

Pattterns if criminal organisations - Hobbs and Dunningham

A

H&D found that the economic changes brought by globalisation have changed the way crime is organised.

They argue that now instead of the old mafia-style criminal gangs, there are loose groups of individuals looking for both criminal and non-criminal opportunities.

Instead individuals commit crime as they can now make their own global connections due to globalisation. These newnforms of crime are still locally based, but have global connections (lots of people know lots of people).

H&D call this ‘global crime’ (combining the global and the local) where crime varies from place to place by in influenced by global factors, e.g. availability of drugs in certain countries.
Global connections to other local places.

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8
Q

H&D AO3:

A

They do not clearly explain whether these changes are new or whether the older structures have just disappeared. It may be that the two have always co-existed.

H&D ideas may not be able to be generalised to other criminal activities elsewhere.

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