CONSTRUCTION PROCESS, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Question 1

One of the largest commercial activities in the Philippines, encompassing establishments engaged in the construction of buildings and larger engineering projects, such as roadways and utility infrastructure.

Answer 1

Construction Industry

Question 2

It sets the initial objectives and criteria under which a building will be planned.

Answer 2

Pre-design phase.

Question 3

It determines the actual geometry, materials, and performance characteristics of the finished structure.

Answer 3

Design Phase.

Question 4

It is involved with the physical realization of the finished building.

Answer 4

Construction Phase.

Question 5

It selects the various project participants and outlines their contractual agreements.

Answer 5

Pre-construction phase.

Question 6

After the execution of an agreement, the construction stage of a project involves the?

Answer 6

1. Contractors planning,
2. Administration,
3. Completion of the actual construction of the final building.

Question 7

It is a written directive from the owner to the contractor that sets the date that the contractor can begin the work under the conditions of the contract. The directive identifies the contract delivery method and establishes the start of the construction schedule.

Answer 7

Notice to Proceed.

Question 8

The construction phase typically ends when the owner submits the final payment to the contractor. During the construction phase of a project, who is the primary participant of the ongoing work?

Answer 8

The contractor.

Question 9

It is used to match the resources of equipment, materials, and labor with the project construction phases over time. It indicates the estimated start and completion dates of various components, establishing milestones and sequences that help in coordinating the numerous subcontractors on the site.

Answer 9

Project scheduling.

Question 10

The most widely used scheduling technique.

Answer 10

Critical Path Method (CPM) for scheduling, or “Critical Path Scheduling.”

Question 11

Prior to any work commencing on site, the constructor must secure a variety of regulatory permits. The building permit is a certificate issued by the _____ authorizing the construction of a project after a thorough review of the construction documents to ensure compliance with local building, safety, and fire codes.

Answer 11

Local governing authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).

Question 12

It must be posted in a clearly visible location until the project is completed.

Answer 12

Building permit.

Question 13

They are responsible for securing permits to allow their own portion of the work to proceed.

Answer 13

Specialty subcontractors.

Question 14

This indicates that all pre-construction requirements have been met.

Answer 14

Formal notice to proceed.

Question 15

It gives precise directives for the fabrication of certain components, such as structural steel work, concrete reinforcing, or pre-cast concrete components.

It is generated to explain the fabrication and sometimes installation procedures of the items to the manufacturer’s production crew or contractor’s installation crews.

Answer 15

Shop Drawing.

Question 16

These are conducted by representatives of the owner to ensure that the completed work complies with the guidelines set forth in the construction documents.

Answer 16

Continuing Inspections.

Question 17

Continuing inspections is held by _____, who will visit the site periodically and prepare written reports to document adherence to the project schedule and keep the owner updated on the progress of the work.

Answer 17

By the Architect or Construction Manager.

Question 18

It is used by the contractor to obtain clarification on specific components and assemblies that are not fully detailed or understood through a comprehensive review of the drawings and specifications.

Answer 18

Request for Information (RFI).

Question 19

A listing of the remaining items to be installed or repaired is called a ____? It is initially prepared by the contractor and then added to by the architect and engineering consultants during their inspections.

Answer 19

Punch list.

Question 20

In 1970, the U.S. Congress passed the ____ that initiated the regulation of safety standards for the construction industry. It develops safety guidelines and administers their enforcement through a system of recurring site inspections.

Answer 20

Williams-Steiger Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA).

Question 21

It give extensive guidelines for construction means, methods, and materials handling.

Answer 21

OSHA Standards-29 CFR–1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction.

Question 22

It is the mass of a unit volume of homogeneous material denoted by;

p = Mass/Volume g/cm^3

Answer 22

Density.

Question 23

It is the mass of a unit volume of material in its natural state (with pores and voids) calculated as;

Pb = M/V kg/m^3

Answer 23

Bulk Density.

Question 24

It indicates the degree to which the volume of a material is filled with solid matter. For almost all building materials density index is less than ___ because there are no absolutely dense bodies in nature.

Po = Pb/P (Bulk density/Density)

Answer 24

Density Index, 1.0.

Question 25

It is also known as the unit weight, is the weight per unit volume of material,

y = p • g

Answer 25

Specific Weight.

Question 26

_____ of solid particles of a material is the ratio of weight/mass of a given volume of solids to the weight/mass of an equal volume of water at ___.

Answer 26

Specific Gravity, 4°C.

Question 27

The degree to which volume of the material of the material is interspersed with pores. It is expressed as a ratio of the volume of pores to that of the specimen.

Answer 27

Porosity.

Question 28

It is defined as the ratio of volume of voids (Vv) to the volume of solids (Vs).

Answer 28

Void Ratio.

Question 29

The property of a material to absorb water vapour from air. It is influenced by air-temperature and relative humidity; pores— their types, number and size, and by the nature of substance involved.

Answer 29

Hygroscopicity.

Question 30

The ability of the material to absorb and retain water. It is expressed as percentage in weight or of the volume of dry material.

Answer 30

Water Absorption.

Question 31

The ability of a material to endure alternate wet and dry conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of mechanical strength.

Answer 31

Weathering Resistance.

Question 32

The capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure. Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are impervious.

Answer 32

Water Permeability.

Question 33

The ability of a material to conduct heat. It is influenced by nature of material, its structure, porosity, character of pores and mean temperature at which heat exchange takes place.

Answer 33

Heat Conductivity.

Question 34

The property of a material to absorb heat described by its specific heat.

Answer 34

Thermal Capacity.

Question 35

The ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature without any appreciable deformation and substantial loss of strength.

Answer 35

Fire Resistance.

Question 36

The ability of a material to withstand prolonged action of high temperature without melting or losing shape. Materials resisting prolonged temperatures of 1580°C or more are known as ____.

Answer 36

Refractoriness, refractory.

Question 37

The ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis, sea water and gases. Natural stone materials, e.g. limestone, marble and dolomite are eroded even by weak acids, wood has low resistance to acids and alkalis, bitumen disintegrates under the action of alkali liquors.

Answer 37

Chemical Resistance.

Question 38

The ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors.

Answer 38

Durability.

Question 39

The ability of the material to resist failure under the action of stresses caused by loads, the most common being compression, tension, bending and impact.

Answer 39

Strength.

Question 40

The ability of a material to resist penetration by a harder body. _____ is used to find the hardness of materials.

Answer 40

Hardness, Mohs Scale.

Question 41

The ability of a material to restore its initial form and dimensions after the load is removed. Within the limits of elasticity of solid bodies, the deformation is proportional to the stress.

Answer 41

Elasticity.

Question 42

The ability of a material to change its shape under load without cracking and to retain this shape after the load is removed.

Answer 42

Plasticity.

Question 43

When the material is subjected to load, if it fails suddenly without causing any deformation then it is called _____ and this property is called as ____.

Answer 43

Brittle Material, Brittleness.

Question 44

If a material is subjected to repeated loads, then the failure occurs at some point which is lower than the failure point caused by steady loads.

Answer 44

Fatigue.